## Subordinate clauses

- THAT clause (`CP-THT`)
  - Coindexed THAT clause
  - Extraposed THAT clause
  - Parenthetical THAT clause
  - THAT with `IP-INF` complement
- Adverbial clause (`CP-ADV`)
  - Ordinary `CP-ADV` (see Clausal complement of P)
  - Adverbial AS clause
  - Bare `CP-ADV`
  - Concessive clause (treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the later corpora)
- Background to degree and comparative constructions
- Degree clause (`CP-DEG`)
  - Extraposed degree clause
  - ALL THAT degree clause
  - Bare reason adjunct (THE RIVER FROZE, IT WAS SO COLD)
- Comparative clause (`CP-CMP`)
  - Comparative clause with empty expletive subject
  - SUCH comparative (see SUCH)
  - Comparative clause with elision
  - Comparative subdeletion
  - Implied comparative
  - Correlative comparative
- Question
  - Direct question (`CP-QUE-MAT`)
  - Indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB`)
  - Tag question (`CP-QUE-TAG`)
- Exclamation (`CP-EXL`)
- Relative clause (`CP-REL`)
  - Extraposed relative clause
  - "Chopped" relative clause (see "Chopped" preposition)
  - AS relative
  - SE +TE relative
  - THERE relative
  - Reduced relative clause (`RRC`)
- Clause-adjoined relative (`CP-CAR`)
- Free relative (`CP-FRL`)
  - Wh- free relative
  - Non-wh free relative
  - Amalgam
- IT cleft (`CP-CLF`)
- CP with initial non-wh phrase
  - Adjunction to CP
  - Non-wh phrase in Spec(CP)
  - CP recursion
- Infinitival clause
  - Infinitival complement (`IP-INF`)
  - Infinitival subject (`IP-INF-SBJ`)
  - Infinitival adjunct (`IP-INF-ADT`)
  - Degree infinitive
  - Purpose infinitive (`IP-INF-PRP`, `CP-EOP`)
  - Wh- infinitive
- Participial clause (`IP-PPL`)
  - Participial clause without subject
  - Participial clause with subject
- Small clause (`IP-SMC`)
- Absolute clause
  - Absolute clause with active participle (`IP-PPL-ABS`)
  - Absolute clause with other predicate (`IP-ABS`)
  - Absolute infinitive (`IP-INF-ABS`)

All subordinate clauses that are headed by a complementizer (`C`) are labeled `CP`. In addition, there are several types of subordinate clauses whose basic label is `IP`:

- ordinary finite subordinate (`IP-SUB`)
- infinitival (`IP-INF`)
- participial (`IP-PPL`)
- small clause (`IP-SMC`)
- absolute (`IP-ABS`)

All subordinate clauses, whether `CP` or `IP`, have a dash tag indicating their type. Finally, there are reduced relative clauses (`RRC`).

### THAT clause (`CP-THT`)

- Coindexed THAT clause
- Extraposed THAT clause
- Parenthetical THAT clause
- THAT with `IP-INF` complement

THAT clauses are generally complements of verbs, adjectives, or nouns. In special cases (as with SUCH AS), they can also serve as complements of P. See also BECAUSE, TO THE END THAT, and TO THE INTENT THAT.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP pray)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-VOC (ADJ fayre) (N knyght))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (CP-THT (C that)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (VBP tarry)
>                                   (NEG nat)
>                                   (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
>                                   (PP (P frome)
>                                       (NP (PRO me)))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1583))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP suppose)
>                   (CP-THT (C that)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (BEP ar)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ displesyd)
>                                             (CP-THT (C that)
>                                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                                             (HVP have)
>                                                             (VBN shewed)
>                                                             (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (N unkyndnesse)))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1574))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (ADVP (ADV Truly))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyne)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (BEP am)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADV ryght) (ADJ hevy)
>                             (CP-THT (C that)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
>                                                     (NP-PRN (NPR Arthure)))
>                                             (BEP ys)
>                                             (ADJP-PRD (ADJ displeased)
>                                                       (PP (P with)
>                                                           (NP (PRO me)))))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1746))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PP (P+N bycause)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (PRO$ his) (N armoure)
>                               (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                      (NX (N shylde))))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (BEP am)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ sure)
>                             (CP-THT (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                             (MD shall)
>                                             (VB ryde)
>                                             (PP (P in)
>                                                 (NP (N pease))))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,198.3079))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>                   (BED was)
>                   (NP-PRD (N causer)
>                           (CP-THT (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N modir))
>                                           (BED was)
>                                           (VAN brente))))
>                   (PP (P thorow)
>                       (NP (PRO$ hir) (N falsehode)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (NX (N trechory)))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1625))

#### Coindexed THAT clause

THAT clause associates of an expletive subject (overt IT or silent) or object IT are coindexed with the pronoun.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>                   (BEP ys)
>                   (NP-PRD (ADJ grete) (N pite`))
>                   (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                     (MD shall)
>                                     (NEG nat)
>                                     (VB endure)
>                                     (NP-MSR (FP but) (D a) (N whyle))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1680))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBD paste)
>                                   (PP (P beyonde)
>                                       (NP (D the) (N castell))))))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (VBD thought)
>               (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                 (VBD herde)
>                                 (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NS bellys))
>                                         (VB rynge))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3340))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP take)
>     	  (NP-OB1=1 (PRO it))
>     	  (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
>     			    (BEP is)
>     			    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     				    (VB seek)
>     				    (NP-OB1 (N remedy)
>     					    (PP (P against)
>     						(NP (NS euils)))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID GIFFORD-1593-E2-H,E3V.436))

>     ( (PP (P to)
>           (NP (ADJ+N goodman)
>     	  (NPR Collier)
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (PP (P as)
>     	      (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			      (VBP take)
>     			      (NP-OB1=3 (PRO it))
>     			      (CP-THT-3 (C 0)
>     					(IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
>     						(NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N name))
>     						(BEP is))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-REL (WNP-2 (WPRO who))
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>     			  (VBP uses)
>     			  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     				  (VB keepe)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (NS horses))
>     				  (PP (P for)
>     				      (NP (PRO mee))))))))
>       (ID HOXINDEN-1648-E3-P1,138.146))

#### Extraposed THAT clause

When extraposed from NP or ADJP, THAT clauses are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ware)
>                         (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (PRO$ hys) (NS armys)))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX there))
>                                 (VBD com)
>                                 (IP-PPL (VAG rydyng))
>                                 (NP-2 (PRO$ hys) (N brothir)
>                                       (NP-PRN (NPR Balan)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1732))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D Thys))
>                   (BED was)
>                   (NP-PRD (D the) (N cause)
>                           (CP-THT *ICH*-1))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-VOC (N damesell))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                     (VBD com)
>                                     (PP (P into)
>                                         (NP (D thys) (N courte)))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1673))

#### Parenthetical THAT clause (`CP-THT-PRN`)

THAT clauses are often in apposition to an NP, especially to a demonstrative NP. The NP is labeled as the argument of the verb and the THAT clause is labeled as a parenthetical.

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
>               (NP-OB1 (N heed))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (ONE oo) (N thynge)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-THT-PRN (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                           (VBP slepe)
>                                           (NEG not)
>                                           (PP (P whan)
>                                               (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                                               (MD shuldest)
>                                                               (VB wake))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,6.167))

If the THAT clause is extraposed, as is often the case, this is indicated by a `*ICH*` trace in the usual way.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D that)
>                           (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (VBP forthynkith)
>                   (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                     (HVP have)
>                                     (VBN greved)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
>                                             (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                                    (NP (Q ony)
>                                                        (PP (P of)
>                                                            (NP (PRO$ hys) (N courte))))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1698))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (D This)
>                           (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (NP-PRD (D an) (ADJ harde) (N ease))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (CONJ other)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                             (MD muste)
>                                             (VB dye))
>                                     (CONJP (CONJ other)
>                                            (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                                    (VB chose)
>                                                    (NP-OB1 (ONE one)
>                                                            (PP (P of)
>                                                                (NP (PRO you))))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,184.2552))

#### THAT with `IP-INF` complement

THAT ordinarily takes a finite complement (`IP-SUB`), but nonfinite complements are attested, though it is not clear whether they are performance errors. Whatever their grammatical status, they are annotated as `IP-INF`.

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV withall))
>     	  (BEI be)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ carful)
>     		    (CP-THT (C that)
>     		   	    (PUNC ,)
>     			    (IP-INF (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO+ADV+ADV whatsoever))
>     					   	    (C 0)
>     						    (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>     						   	    (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     							    (DOP doe))))
>     			  	    (PUNC ,)
>     				    (TO to)
>     				    (VB (VB love) (VB honer) (CONJ and) (VB obey))
>     				    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N housband))
>     				    (PP (P in)
>     					(NP (Q all)
>     					    (NS things)
>     					    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     					    	    (C that)
>     						    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     						   	    (BEP is)
>     							    (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fitting)
>     					    			      (PP (P for)
>     									  (NP (D a)
>     									      (ADJ resonable)
>     									      (N creture)))))))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID PEYTON-1632-E2-H,87.5))

>     ( (CP-REL (WADVP-4 (WADV where))
>     	  (C 0)
>     	  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-4)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     		  (VBP commaundeth)
>      		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CP-THT (C that)
>     			  (IP-INF (PP (P in)
>     				      (NP (Q al)
>     					  (NS woundes)
>     					  (PP (P of)
>     					      (NP (D the) (N wombe)))))
>     				  (PUNC ,)
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (VB sewe)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (D the) (FW Sifac))
>      				  (PP (P with)
>     				      (NP (D the) (FW Myrac))))))
>     	  (PUNC ;))
>       (ID VICARY-1548-E1-H,63.243))

### Adverbial clause (`CP-ADV`)

- Ordinary `CP-ADV` clause (see Clausal complement of P)
- Adverbial AS clause
  - Adverbial AS clause without gap
  - Adverbial AS clause with gap
    - AS X SAID and the like
    - AS ... SO clause
- Bare `CP-ADV`
  - Bare `CP-ADV` headed by THAT
  - V1 conditional (including adverbial V1 question)
- Concessive clause (treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the later corpora)
  - ALL BE IT (THAT) clause
  - HOW BE IT (THAT) clause
  - SO BE IT (THAT) clause

Adverbial clauses are either introduced by a contentful subordinating conjunction or not. In the first case, the subordinating conjunction is tagged `P` and the remainder of the subordinate clause is treated as its `CP-ADV` complement. The second case includes clauses headed by the complementizer (`C`) THAT and V1 conditionals.

#### Adverbial AS clause

See also AS ... SO clause and AS free relative.

Adverbial AS clauses fall into two main types - without a gap and with a gap.

#### Adverbial AS clause without gap

The simplest type of AS clause does not contain a gap. In these cases, AS can be paraphrased as WHEN, WHILE, SINCE, AS IF, and the like.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (VBD rode)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>                                       (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))
>               (HVD had)
>               (VBN lost)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N suerd))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.214))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
>                                   (VBD loked)
>                                   (PP (P besyde)
>                                       (NP (PRO hym))))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD sawe)
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (N knyght)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED was)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADVP (ADV passyngely) (ADV well))
>                                                 (ADJ horsed)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.818))

#### Adverbial AS clause with gap

Adverbial AS clauses with a gap in turn fall into two types, depending on whether AS can be paraphrased (roughly) as IN THE SAME WAY THAT or as WHICH. In the first type, AS is often preceded by a modifier (JUST, LIKE, RIGHT, SO, etc.) and the `CP-ADV` complement of AS is annotated with an adverbial empty operator.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP wylle)
>                   (ADVP (ADV wel))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
>                               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO thow))
>                                       (MD wilt)
>                                       (HV have)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.76))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Soo))
>               (NP-SBJ (D this))
>               (BED was)
>               (DAN done)
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (VBD devysed))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.87))

>     ( (IP-INF (FOR for)
>               (TO to)
>               (VB nourisshe)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N child))
>               (PP (ADV lyke)
>                   (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1))
>                                   (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
>     			      (VBD desyred)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.147))

In the second type of adverbial AS clause with a gap, the PP dominates a `CP-ADV` with a gap of category NP (or in some cases, PP). This type includes AS continuative clauses. These might be treated as clause-adjoined relatives (`CP-CAR`), but we have chosen not to do so.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (VBP serveth)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (Q many) (D a) (ADJ necessarie) (N conclusioun)
>                       (PP (P in)
>                           (NP (NS equacions)
>                               (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (NS thinges)))))))
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                   (MD shal)
>                                   (BE be)
>                                   (VAN shewid))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMASTRO-M3,669.C2.176))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ani) (ADJ vnweote))
>               (VBP aski+d)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO ou))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WPP-1 (P of)
>                                  (WNP (WD wat) (N ordre)))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>                                   (BEP beo+d)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP (P ase)
>                   (CP-ADV (WNP-2 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (Q summe)
>                                           (CP-REL *ICH*-3))
>                                   (DOP do+d)
>                                   (PUNC ,)
>                                   (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>                                               (VBP telle+d)
>                                               (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
>                                   (PUNC ,)
>                                   (CP-REL-3 (WNP-4 0)
>                                             (C +te)
>                                             (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
>                                                             (VBP si+ge+d)
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N gnete)))
>                                                     (CONJP (CONJ ant)
>                                                            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
>                                                                    (VBP swole+ge+d)
>                                                                    (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N fle+ge))))))))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.46.67))

In clauses of the type AS X SAID, AS X WROTE, AS YOU KNOW (WELL), and the like, the PP is labeled as parenthetical (`PP-PRN`).

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX ther))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-1 (Q no) (N wight)
>                     (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
>                             (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>                                     (HVP hath)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (ADJ sovereyn) (N bountee))))
>                     (PP (P save)
>                         (NP (NPR God) (FP allone))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP-PRN (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WNP-3 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
>                                               (NP-PRN (PRO+N hymself)))
>                                       (VBP recordeth)
>                                       (PP (P in)
>                                           (NP (PRO$ hys) (N Evaungelie)))))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,220.C2.139))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
>                   (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM eleven) (NS kyngis))
>                   (MD shall)
>                   (VB dye)
>                   (PP (Q all)
>                       (P in)
>                       (NP (ONE one) (N day)))
>                   (PP (P by)
>                       (NP (D the) (ADJ grete) (N myght)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (NX (N prouesse)
>     				 (PP (P of)
>     				     (NP (NS armys)))))
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NUM two) (ADJ valyaunte) (NS knyghtes)))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (PUNC -)
>                   (PP-PRN (P as)
>                           (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                           (VBP tellith)
>                                           (ADVP-TMP (ADV aftir)))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,31.996))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ same) (N nyght))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PP-PRN (P as)
>                           (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                           (MD shal)
>                                           (VB ansuer)
>                                           (PP (P unto)
>                                               (NP (NPR God))))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-SBJ (D this) (N child))
>                   (BED was)
>                   (VAN begoten)
>                   (PP (P upon)
>                       (NP (PRO me)))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,5.129))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D An) (N hemme))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP-PRN (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                       (VBP wost)
>                                       (ADVP (ADV wel)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (D +te) (ADJ laste) (N ende)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D a) (N clo+t))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,34.225))

#### Bare `CP-ADV`

#### Bare `CP-ADV` headed by THAT

Bare `CP-ADV` clauses headed by THAT usually express purpose or result (often with the verbs SEND and WARN).

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
>               (VBD smote)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (RP downe)
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-ADV (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (VBD lay)
>                               (PP (P in)
>                                   (NP (D a) (N sowghe)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3125))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (VBI hange)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N swerde))
>                   (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>                   (PP (P uppon)
>                       (NP (D a) (N bowghe)))
>                   (CP-ADV (C that)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (MD may)
>                                   (VB gete)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,206.3377))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Archebisshop))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (D the) (N advys)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Merlyn)))))
>               (VBD send)
>               (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS lordes)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NX (NS gentilmen)
>                                  (PP (P of)
>                                      (NP (NS armes)))))))
>               (CP-ADV (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                               (MD shold)
>                               (VB come)
>                               (PP (P by)
>                                   (NP (NPR Crystmasse)))
>                               (PP (FP even)
>                                   (P unto)
>                                   (NP (NPR London)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.188))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB sende)
>               (NP-OB1 (NS messangeris))
>               (PP (P into)
>                   (NP (Q al) (NPR Israel)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-MSR (PP (P fro)
>                           (NP (NPR Bersabee)))
>                       (PP (P til_to)
>                           (NP (NPR Dan))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-ADV (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
>                                         (MD schulden)
>                                         (VB come))
>                               (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                      (IP-SUB=1 (VB make)
>                                                (NP-OB1 (N pask))
>                                                (PP (P to)
>                                                    (NP (D the) (NPR Lord) (NPR God)
>                                                        (PP (P of)
>                                                            (NP (NPR Israel)))))
>                                                (PP (P in)
>                                                    (NP (NPR Jerusalem))))))))
>       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,26.1315))

#### V1 conditional

See Verb movement to C for the general guidelines governing the representation of subject-verb inversion.

V1 conditionals include V1 counterparts of adverbial WHETHER questions (`CP-QUE-SUB-ADV`).

>     ( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (BED were)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		  (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ rich) (N man)))))

>     ( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (HVD had)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     		  (NEG not)
>     		  (VBN arrived)
>     		  (PP (P in)
>     		      (NP time)))))

>     ( (CP-ADV (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (MD will@)
>     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO @e)))
>     		  (CONJP (IP-SUB (NEG n@)
>     				 (MD @ill@)
>     				 (NP-SBJ (PRO @e)))))))

### Degree clause (`CP-DEG`)

- Extraposed degree clause
- ALL THAT degree clause
- Bare reason adjunct (THE RIVER FROZE, IT WAS SO COLD)

See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concepts. This section focuses on finite degree clauses. Degree infinitives (`IP-INF-DEG`) are discussed separately.

Degree clauses differ from comparative clauses in not containing a gap, but are otherwise treated analogously. In particular, they attach in the lowest position available to them in the overt syntax (generally, but not always, as a sister of the degree head that licenses them).

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (D an)
>           (ADJ easy)
>           (N problem)
>           (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (MD can)
>     		      (VB solve)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     	(ADJ easy)
>     	(CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     		(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			(MD can)
>     			(VB solve)
>     			(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (N problem)
>           (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     	    (ADJ easy)
>     	    (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			    (MD can)
>     			    (VB solve)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

>     ( (NP (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     	    (ADJ easy))
>           (D a)
>           (N problem)
>           (CP-DEG (C that / 0)				← like this
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (MD can)
>     		      (VB solve)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))

>     ( (NP (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     	    (ADJ easy)
>     	    (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))				← not like this
>           (D a)
>           (N problem)
>           (CP-DEG-1 (C that / 0)
>       		(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			(MD can)
>     			(VB solve)
>     			(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD smote)
>               (NP-OB1 (NPR sir) (NPR Sagramoure))
>               (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                     (ADV sore)
>                     (CP-DEG (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
>                                     (VBD wente)
>                                     (Q bothe)
>                                     (PP (P to)
>                                         (NP (D the) (N erthe))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3170))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PP (P yf)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde)
>                                               (NP-PRN (PRO$ my) (N husbande)))
>                                       (VBP wete)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hit)))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
>                             (ADJ hasty)
>                             (CP-DEG (C that)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                             (MD wyll)
>                                             (VB sle)
>                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3353))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (VBD helde)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>               (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                     (ADV faste)
>                     (CP-DEG (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                     (MD myght)
>                                     (NEG nat)
>                                     (VB take)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>                                     (PP (RP oute)
>                                         (P of)
>                                         (NP (PRO$ hir) (N honde)))
>                                     (PP (P but)
>                                         (PP (P yf)
>                                             (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                                             (MD sholde)
>                                                             (HV have)
>                                                             (VBN hurte)
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO hir)))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1723))

Adjectives or quantifiers do not count as heads of NP for the purposes of calculating attachment.

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR so)                         ← like this - with implicit N head
>               (Q many))
>           (CP-DEG (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB ...))))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR so)                         ← parallel to this
>               (Q many))
>           (NS problems)
>           (CP-DEG (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB ...))))

>     ( (NP (ADVR so)
>           (Q many)                              ← not like this
>           (CP-DEG (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB ...))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so)           ← like this
>                             (ADJ far))
>                       (CP-DEG (C that)
>                              (IP-SUB ...)))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so)           ← parallel to  this
>                             (ADJ far))
>                       (D a)
>                       (N distance)
>                       (CP-DEG (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB ...)))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADVR so)                ← not like this
>                       (ADJ far)
>                       (CP-DEG (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB ...)))))

In general, degree complements are headed by THAT or its silent counterpart, but also by AS. In such cases, AS is treated as a preposition (`P`) that in turn takes a `CP-DEG` complement. As expected, the head of the `CP-DEG` may be overt or silent, as in the ordinary case.

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     	(ADJ easy)
>     	(PP (P as)
>     	    (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			    (MD can)
>     			    (VB solve)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (D an)
>           (ADJ easy)
>           (N problem)
>           (PP (P as)
>     	  (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			  (MD can)
>     			  (VB solve)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))

#### Extraposed degree complement

The traces of extraposed degree complements are attached at the same level as non-extraposed degree complements - in the lowest position available to them in the overt syntax.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD made)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     			(ADJ big))
>     		  (D a)
>     		  (N fuss)
>     		  (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))		← like this
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
>     	  (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>     		    (IP-SUB ...))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD made)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADVR so)
>     			(ADJ big)
>       			(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))	← not like this
>     		  (D a)
>     		  (N fuss))
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
>     	  (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>     		    (IP-SUB ...))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD made)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (SUCH such)
>     		  (D a)
>     		  (ADJ big)
>     		  (N fuss)
>     		  (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yesterday))
>     	  (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>     		    (IP-SUB ...))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
>               (VBD charged)
>               (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                     (ADV sore)
>                     (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>               (PP (P uppon)
>                   (NP (PRO hym)))
>               (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N horse))
>                                 (VBD reversed)
>                                 (ADVP (ADV up-so-downe))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3194))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
>               (DOD dud)
>               (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                     (ADV mervaylesly)
>                     (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (NS armys)))
>               (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS men))
>                                 (HVD had)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (N wondir))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,22.691))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO$ oure) (NS synnes))
>                   (BED were)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
>                             (ADJ grete)
>                             (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>                   (PP (P at)
>                       (NP (D that) (N tyme)))
>                   (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADV+ADV well-nyghe) (Q all)))
>                                     (BED was)
>                                     (NP-PRD (N wyckednesse))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,643.4044))

SO ... AS / THAT constructions are always treated as extraposed degree clauses rather than as independent adverbial result or purpose clauses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                     (CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD drove)
>               (PP (P over)
>                   (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ horse))
>                       (N tayle)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-DEG-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N helme))
>                                 (VBD smote)
>                                 (PP (P into)
>                                     (NP (D the) (N erthe)))
>                                 (NP-MSR (NP (D a) (N foote))
>                                         (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                                (NP (QR more))))
>                                 (PUNC ,)
>                                 (CP-ADV (C that)
>                                         (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV nyghe))
>                                                 (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N nek))
>                                                 (BED was)
>                                                 (VAN broke)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,188.2720))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PP (P if)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                       (MD woll)
>                                       (VB abyde)
>                                       (PP (P in)
>                                           (NP (D thys) (N courte)))
>                                       (PP (P amonge)
>                                           (NP (PRO$ my) (N felyship))))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD shall)
>                   (ADVP (ADVR so)
>                         (PP *ICH*-1))
>                   (VB avaunce)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO $you))
>                   (PP-1 (P as)
>     		    (CP-DEG (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                         (MD shall)
>                                         (BE be)
>                                         (ADJP-PRD (ADJ pleased)))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1578))

#### ALL THAT degree clause

ALL THAT degree clauses (with the meaning AS MUCH AS) are treated as measure NPs with a `Q` head that takes a degree complement.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD (VBD robbit) (CONJ and) (VBD quellede))
>               (NP-OB1 (N folc))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-MSR (Q al)
>                       (CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (MD might)
>                                       (VB *))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,226.4097))

>     ( (IP-INF-2 (VB g+atenn)
>                 (NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
>                 (LB |)
>                 (LB |)
>                 (NP-MSR (Q All)
>                         (CP-DEG (WNP-3 0)
>                                 (C +tatt)
>                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-3)
>                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO +gho))
>                                         (MD ma+g+g)
>                                         (VB *))))
>                 (PP (P fra)
>                     (NP (N sinne))))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,I,214.1767))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (BED w+as)
>               (PP (ADV+P +t+artogeanes))
>               (NP-MSR (Q eall)
>                       (CP-DEG (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tet)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (MD (MD mihte) (CONJ &) (MD cu+de))
>                                       (VB *))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMPETERB-M1,43.54))

### Comparative clause (`CP-CMP`)

- Comparative with empty expletive subject
- SUCH comparative (see SUCH)
- Comparative clause with elision
- Comparative subdeletion
- Implied comparative
- Correlative comparative
  - Full correlative comparative (THE MORE YOU SPEND, THE MORE YOU SAVE)
  - Correlative comparative with elision (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER and the like) (see `NP-ADV`)
  - AS ... SO
  - THE ... MORE

See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concpets.

The external structure of comparatives is as follows. The whole comparison is treated as single constituent, which is labeled according to the category of its head. For example, AS TALL AS... is labeled as an `ADJP`, MORE CAKE THAN... is labeled as an `NP`, etc. The AS or THAN that introduces the comparative clause is labeled `P` and takes a `CP-CMP` complement. The `PP` consisting of AS / THAN and its clausal complement attaches at the lowest level available to it in the overt syntax. This is generally, but not always, as the sister of the licensing comparative head. This guideline extends to the traces of extraposed comparative PPs. Internally, all instances of `CP-CMP` have an empty operator coindexed with a trace indicating the elided target of the comparison.

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (ADJP (Q much)
>                 (ADJR bigger))
>           (N house)
>           (PP (P than)				← like this
>               (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>                       (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>     		          (NP-SBJ (PRO$ mine))
>                               (BEP is))))))

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (ADJP (Q much)
>                 (ADJR bigger)
>                 (PP *ICH*-1))			← not like this
>           (N house)
>           (PP-1 (P than)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
>                         (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
>       		            (NP-SBJ (PRO$ mine))
>                                 (BEP is))))))

>     ( (ADJP (Q muche)
>             (ADJR bygger)
>             (PP (P than)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
>                         (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
>                                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
>                                 (BED was)
>                                 (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3172))

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR as)
>             (ADV faste)
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                         (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                 (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (N horse))
>                                 (MD myght)
>                                 (VB renne)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,639.3917))

>     ( (NP (QR more)
>           (N worshyp)
>           (PP (P than)
>               (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                       (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                               (VBP wotist)
>                               (PP (P off)
>                                   (NP *T*-1))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1325))

By default, adjectives and quantifiers do not count as heads of NP for the purposes of calculating attachment.

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR as)                         ← like this
>               (Q many))
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-CMP ...))))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR as)                         ← parallel to this
>               (Q many))
>           (NS problems)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-CMP ...))))

>     ( (NP (ADVR as)
>           (Q many)                              ← not like this
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-CMP ...))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as)           ← like this
>                             (ADJ far))
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP ...))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so)           ← parallel to  this
>                             (ADJ far))
>                       (D a)
>                       (N distance)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP ...))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB go)
>               (NP-MSR (ADVR so)                ← not like this
>                       (ADJ far)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP ...))))

#### Comparative clause with empty expletive subject

Comparisons on predicates can leave the subject empty, which is then filled by an empty expletive. The indices indicating movement of the empty operator in the `CP-CMP` are distinct from those indicating the relationship between the empty expletive and any associate (= logical subject).

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ easy)
>     	(PP (P as)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>                         (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>                                 (NP-SBJ *exp*)		← empty expletive corresponds to IT
>     			    (MD may)
>     		            (BE be))))))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q few))
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                       (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
>                               (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)		← empty expletive corresponds to THERE
>     	    	          (MD may)
>     		          (BE be))))))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q little))
>               (N noise)
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP=2 *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)		← empty expletive corresponds to THERE
>     		  	      (MD may)
>     		              (BE be)))))))

#### Comparative clause with elision

Often, parts of the comparative clause beyond the elided target of comparison are missing. If only one element is missing, it may be indicated by the generic empty category `(X *)`. If more material is missing, appropriate material is sometimes added in `(CODE {...})` brackets in order to make the structure clearer. Elision contexts license clausal complements of P other than `CP-ADV` and `CP-CMP`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (QP (ADVR as) (Q many))
>                       (PP *ICH*-2))
>               (MD mict)
>               (BE be)
>               (VAN turnyd)
>               (PP (P be)
>                   (NP (PRO$ hys) (N voys)))
>               (PP-2 (P as)
>                     (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
>                             (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>     				(MD xulde)
>     				(BE ben)
>     				(VAN *)					← main verb elided
>                                     (PP (P be)
>                                         (NP (PRO$ thy) (N voys)))
>                                     (PP (P +gyf)
>                                         (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu)
>     							    (NP-PRN *ICH*-4))
>                                                         (VBD prechedist)
>                                                         (NP-4 (PRO$+N thy-selfe)))))))))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,149.3461))

>     ( (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Ulphuns))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (NPR sir) (NPR Brastias))))
>               (VB tarry)
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ longe))
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                           (MD wolde)
>                                           (VB *))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.492))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>               (MD cou+te)
>               (ADVP (ADVR bettre)
>                     (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (VB understonde)
>               (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N longage)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Grew))))
>               (PP-1 (P +tan)
>                     (CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
>                             (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
>                                     (CODE {he_could})
>                                     (VB speke)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,255.1858))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>                   (BEP ys)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJR bettir)
>                             (PP *ICH*-2))
>                   (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                     (VBP sle)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (D a) (N cowarde))))
>                   (PP-2 (P than)
>                         (CP-CMP (WADJP-3 0)
>                                 (C 0)
>                                 (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-3)
>                                         (CODE {it_is})
>                                         (CP-THT (C 0)
>                                                 (IP-SUB (PP (P thorow)
>                                                             (NP (D a) (N coward)))
>                                                         (NP-SBJ (Q all) (PRO we))
>                                                         (BEP be)
>                                                         (VAN slayne))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,27.865))

>     ( (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO+N hemselff))
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ blessed))
>                         (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                (ADJP (ADJR more)
>                                      (PP (P in)
>                                          (NP (N worship)))))
>                         (PP (P than)
>                             (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>                                             (CODE {they_think_themself_blessed_if})
>                                             (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                                             (HVD had)
>                                                             (VBN gotyn)
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (Q halff) (D the) (N worlde)))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4580))

If an entire clause containing a trace is elided, the clause brackets are included but no internal structure is given except the trace. The content of the elided clause may be added (using Modern English) within `(CODE {...})` brackets to make the structure clear.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>               (MD wol)
>               (VB venge)
>               (NP-RFL (PRO yow))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (D the) (N outrage)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (PRO$ youre) (NS adversaries)))))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (OTHER oother) (N manere)
>                       (PP (P than)
>                           (CP-CMP (WPP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N right))
>                                           (VBP comandeth)
>     				      (CP-THT (PP *T*-1)
>                                                   (CODE {that_you_venge_yourself}))))))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,232.C1.582))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>               (BED weren)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ wise))
>                         (CONJP (CONJ ant)
>                                (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ witi)))
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>                                             (VBD fore-seide)
>     			    		(CP-THT (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>                                                     (CODE {that_they_were})))))))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,27.132))

#### Comparative subdeletion

In cases of comparative subdeletion, an entity is compared with respect to two dimensions. The silent operator is `WNP`. Its trace has a `-MSR` dash tag and precedes the second dimension adjective as a sister.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N table))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (QR more)				← analytic comparative
>     		    (ADJ durable)
>     		    (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     			    (C than)
>     			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     				    (BEP is)
>     				    (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>     					      (ADJ beautiful)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N table))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJR longer)			← synthetic comparative
>     		    (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     			    (C than)
>     			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     				    (BEP is)
>     				    (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>     					      (ADJ wide)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV +te+d+dan))
>               (BED weren)
>               (NP-1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q felen))
>                     (NS spechen)
>                     (PP (P swa)
>                         (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
>                                 (C 0)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX +tere))
>                                         (NP-2 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
>                                               (NS wurhten))
>                                         (BED weren)))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,93.822))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N body))
>               (VBD stickede)
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADVR alse) (ADJ ful)
>                         (PP (P of)
>                             (NP (NS Arwes)))
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D an) (N hirchone))
>                                             (BEP is)
>                                             (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                                       (ADJ ful)
>                                                       (PP (P of)
>                                                           (NP (NS prickes)))))))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,107.3234))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (HVP ha+t)
>               (NP-OB1 (QR more) (N ioie)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D +te) (N fynding)
>                               (PP (ADV+P +ter-of))))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (PP (P +ten)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-3 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                           (HVD had)
>                                           (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR *T*-3)
>                                                   (N sorow)
>                                                   (PP (P of)
>                                                       (NP (D +te) (N lesing)))))))))

>       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,132.820))

>     ( (CP-THT (C that)
>               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR passion)
>                               (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (NPR Jhesu) (NPR Crist))))
>                       (BEP is)
>                       (ADJP-PRD (QR moore) (ADJ strong)
>                                 (IP-INF (FOR for)
>                                         (TO to)
>                                         (VB bynde))
>                                 (PP (P than)
>                                     (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                             (C 0)
>                                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N synne))
>                                                     (BEP is)
>                                                     (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                                               (ADJ strong)
>                                                               (IP-INF (FOR for)
>                                                                       (TO to)
>                                                                       (VB bynde))))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,327.C2.1673))

#### Implied comparative

Implied comparatives lack an overt degree head, but have a comparative interpretation, so it is sensible to annotate them as comparatives. There are two types:

- like AS SOON AS, but without the initial AS

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ouwer) (N saule))
  >               (VBP secli)
  >               (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
  >                         (PP (P se)
  >                             (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
  >                                     (C 0)
  >                                     (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
  >                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
  >                                             (BEP is)
  >                                             (RP vte))))))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.368))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
  >               (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone)
  >                         (PP (P swa)
  >                             (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
  >                                     (C 0)
  >                                     (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
  >                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                                             (HVD h+afde)
  >                                             (NP-OB1 (N wind))))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (ADVP (ADV swa))
  >               (VBD ferde)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (PP (RP ofer) (LB |) (P into)
  >                   (NP (NPR Normandie)))
  >               (PUNC ;))
  >       (ID CMPETERB-M1,44.95))

- like a SUCH comparative, but without overt SUCH

  >     ( (NP (D a)
  >           (ADJP (ADV passynge) (ADJ good))
  >           (N man)
  >           (PP (P of)
  >               (NP (PRO$ hys) (N body)))
  >           (PP (P as)
  >               (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
  >                       (C 0)
  >                       (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
  >                               (NP-SBJ (Q fewe))
  >                               (BEP bene)
  >                               (IP-PPL (VAG lyvynge))))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,44.1454))

  >     ( (PP (P til)
  >           (NP (NP (D a) (ADJ febyll) (N man))
  >               (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                      (NP (D a) (ADJ fleschly)))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P als)
  >                   (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
  >                           (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-2)
  >                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                                   (BEP am))))))
  >       (ID CMROLLEP-M24,108.762))

  >     ( (NP-OB1 (ADJP (ADV suythe) (ADJ god))
  >               (N pais)
  >               (PP (P sua)
  >                   (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
  >                           (C +dat)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                   (ADVP-TMP (ADV neure))
  >                                   (BED was)
  >                                   (ADVP-LOC (ADV here)))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMPETERB-M1,59.623))

#### Correlative comparative

#### Full correlative comparative (THE MORE YOU SPEND, THE MORE YOU SAVE)

In all correlative comparatives, THE is the reflex of the Old English demonstrative pronoun in the instrumental case meaning roughly TO THAT DEGREE. Since it is a bare word, we do not generally annotate it with `NP-MSR`. See THE ... MORE for an exception.

Full correlative comparatives are treated differently than their counterparts with elision (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER LONGER, THE WORSE), which are treated as adverbial NPs (`NP-ADV`).

Initial NPs in a full correlative comparative are tagged `NP-ADT`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (QP (D the) (QR more))
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			  	  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                       	  	  (VBP spend))))
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (D the) (QR more)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>               (VBP save)
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
>               (PP (P when)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
>                                   (HVP hase)
>                                   (VBN feled)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (Q oght)
>                                           (PP (P of)
>                                               (NP (D +tat) (N savoure)))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-ADT (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
>                                       (HVP have))))
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (D +te) (QR mare)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
>               (VBP covayte)
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMROLLEP-M24,114.899))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (QP (D +Te) (QR mare))
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (HVP hauis)
>                                       (PP (P in)
>                                           (NP (N pouste))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
>                       (CP-EOP *ICH*-2))
>               (HVP hauis)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (CP-EOP-2 (WNP-3 0)
>                         (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-3)
>                                 (TO at)
>                                 (VB yelde)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,6.192))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche))
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (BEP is)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (NP *T*-1)
>                                                 (ADJ wor+t))
>                                       (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man)))))
>               (PUNC /)
>               (NP-2 (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche)))
>               (BEP bye+t)
>               (ADJP-PRD (NP *ICH*-2)
>                         (ADJ wor+t))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS workes)))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,91.1772))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-ADT (QP (D +te) (QR mor))
>     		      (N schame)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                           (VBP suffyr)))
>                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                  (NX (N despite))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (D +te) (ADJR meryar))
>                   (MD may)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (BE ben)
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (PRO$ owr) (NPR Lord)
>                           (NP-PRN (NPR Ihesu) (NPR Crist))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC "))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,135.3157))

Initial ADJPs in a full correlative comparative are labeled `ADJP-SPR`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADJP-SPR (D the) (ADJR bigger)
>                         (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>     		    	    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>     			    	    (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			    	    (VBP get))))
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (D the) (QR more)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBP eat)
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (ADJP-SPR (QP (ADV ay) (D the) (QR moore))
>     		    (ADJ strong)
>                         (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>                                 (C that)
>                                 (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>                                         (NP-SBJ (D the) (N flessh))
>                                         (BEP is))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADJP-PRD (D the) (ADJR sorier))
>               (MD may)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N soule))
>               (BE be)
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,302.C1.556))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (ADJP-SPR (D +Te) (ADJR grettyr)
>                             (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
>                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
>                                             (BEP be))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (ADJP-3 (D +te) (ADJR meker))
>                   (VBI make)
>                   (IP-SMC (ADJP-PRD *ICH*-3)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO +te)))
>                   (PP (P yn)
>                       (NP (Q all) (N +tyng))))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,58.1600))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PP-PRN (P as)
>                           (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ same) (NPR Senec))
>                                           (VBP seith))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>     	      (ADJP-SPR (ADJP (QP (D The) (QR moore))
>     			      (ADJ cleer))
>                             (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			       (ADJP (QP (D the) (QR moore))
>     				     (ADJ shynyng)))
>                             (CP-CMP (WADJP-2 0)
>                                     (C that)
>                                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-2)
>                                             (NP-SBJ (N Fortune))
>                                             (BEP is))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>     	      (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QP (D the) (QR moore))
>     			      (ADJ brotil))
>     			(CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			       (ADJP (ADVP (D the) (ADVR sonner))
>     				     (ADJ broken))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,230.C1.510))

In other cases, the corresponding constituents in a correlative comparative construction are also not treated as a pair of left-dislocated (`-LFD`) and resumptive (`-RSP`) constituents.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better)                      ← no -LFD
>     		(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>     			(C 0)
>     			(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     				(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				(VBP know)
>     				(NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better))                     ← no -RSP
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP like)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO them))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better)
>     		(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>     			(C 0)
>     			(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     				(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				(VBP know)
>     				(NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-MSR (QP (D the) (QR more)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP appreciate)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO them))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### AS ... SO clause

(RIGHT / SO / LIKE / EVER) AS ... SO clauses are treated as full correlative comparatives. Since SO expresses manner in this construction (not degree), it is tagged `ADV` (not `ADVR`).

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P as)                                          ← no -LFD
>                   (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthur))
>                                   (VBD sped)
>                                   (ADVP-TMP (ADV afore)))))
>               (ADVP (ADV so))                                     ← no -RSP
>               (DOD dyd)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (NPR Eester)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,10.294))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (PP (ADV alswa)
>                   (P as)
>                   (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (Q euch) (N +ting))
>                                   (HVD hefde)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (N biginnunge))
>                                   (PP (P of)
>                                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N godlec)))))))
>               (PUNC ;)
>               (ADVP (ADV alswa))
>               (MD schulden)
>               (NP-SBJ (Q alle))
>               (HV habben)
>               (NP-OB1 (N endunge))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (PP (P +gef)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (NP-OB1 (D +tt))
>                                   (VBD walde))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,22.57))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV Riht)
>                   (P alswo)
>                   (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (D +de) (N lichame))
>                                   (NP-OB1 (Q none) (N strenc+te))
>                                   (NEG ne)
>                                   (MD mai)
>                                   (HV habben)
>                                   (PP (P wi+d-uten)
>                                       (NP (NS bonen))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (Q al) (ADV swo))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD mai)
>               (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO ic))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ ne)
>                              (NP (Q non) (N saule))))
>               (NP-OB1 (N $streng+te) (CONJ ne) (N mihte))
>               (HV habben)
>               (PP (P wi+d-uten)
>                   (NP (D +dese) (ADJ hali) (NS mihten)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,93.1099))

#### THE ... MORE comparative

Vices and Virtues still exhibits a few correlative comparatives where THE is separated from the comparative head that it modifies, thus clearly reflecting its demonstrative origins. Exceptionally, in such cases, THE is labeled `NP-MSR`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (D +de)
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (NP-MSR (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                               (QR more))
>                                       (BEP is)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ swaint))
>                                       (PP (P mid)
>                                           (NP (NP (NS deules))
>                                               (PUNC ,)
>                                               (CONJP (NP (NS fondinges)
>                                                          (PP (PP (P of)
>                                                                  (NP (NPR dieule)))
>                                                              (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
>                                                                     (PP (P of)
>                                                                         (NP (N manne))))))))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-2 (D +de))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *ICH*-2)
>                         (ADJR strengere)
>                         (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                (ADJX (ADJR betere))))
>               (BEP is)
>               (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (ADJ gode) (NS werkes)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,29.329))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Gif)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
>                                   (NP-OB1 (D +dis) (N liht))
>                                   (MD miht)
>                                   (VB isien))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (ADV full) (ADV +gewiss))
>               (NP-MSR (D +de)
>                       (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +du))
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                                 (ADJR hei+ger))
>                                       (BEP art))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (NP-MSR (D +te))
>                     (ADVR warliker))
>               (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO +de) (N seluen))
>               (MD wilt)
>               (VB ne+derin)
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,49.553))

The Lambeth Homilies have one comparative with THES, a genitive of extent, as the head of the comparison.

>     ( (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ ah)
>                 (NP-MSR (D +tes)
>                         (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
>                                 (C +te)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                         (HVD heoueden)
>                                         (NP-OB1 (QP (NP-MSR *T*-2)
>     						(QR mare))
>     					    (N wele))
>                                         (PP (P on)
>                                             (NP (D +tisse) (N liue))))))
>                 (PUNC .)
>                 (NP-3 (D +tes))
>                 (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                 (MD ahte)
>                 (TO to)
>                 (BE beon)
>                 (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
>                                 (D +te) (ADJR edmoddre))
>                           (PUNC .)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (ADJP (QP (NP-MSR *ICH*-3)
>     				       (D +ta) (QR mare))
>     				   (ADJ imete))))
>                 (PP (Q al)
>                     (P swa)
>                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                     (NP-PRD (PRO$ ure) (N wele))
>                                     (NEG n@)
>                                     (BED @ere)))))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,5.43))

### Question (`CP-QUE`)

- Direct question (`CP-QUE-MAT`)
  - Direct wh- question
  - YES/NO question
  - Direct IF/WHETHER question
  - Second conjunct of question
- Indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB`)
  - Sluicing
  - Parenthetical indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB-PRN`)
  - Indirect IF question
  - Indirect WHETHER question
  - Adverbial WHETHER question (`CP-QUE-SUB-ADV`)
- Tag question (`CP-QUE-TAG`)

Direct and indirect questions are differentiated by clause label (`CP-QUE-MAT` vs. `CP-QUE-SUB`). Questions contain a `C` position depending on whether they exhibit subject-verb inversion (see Verb movement to C). Direct questions generally exhibit inversion (with some exceptions) and do not contain a `C` position. Conversely, indirect questions generally do not exhibit inversion (again with some exceptions, especially when the verb is main verb BE), and they do contain a `C` position.

#### Direct question (`CP-QUE-MAT`)

Direct questions (both wh- and YES/NO questions) are usually matrix clauses, but can appear as the complement of verbs in direct speech contexts.

#### Direct wh- question

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WNP-1 (WPRO What))
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     		      (DOD did)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     		      (VB find))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
>     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     		      (BEP are)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO you)))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
>     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     		      (BEP are)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     		      (DAG doing)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (D that)))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>     	  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO What))
>     			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				      (MD will)
>     				      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     				      (DO do)))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD said)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
>               (PP (P to)
>                   (NP (D the) (NS kynges)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,13.384))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>     	  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
>     			  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				      (BEP is)
>     				      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD said)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.65))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>               (VBD seyde)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ olde) (N man))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>               (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Why))
>                               (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                           (BEP ar)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                           (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ sad))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,34.1100))

#### YES/NO question

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (IP-SUB (DOD Did)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (VB answer)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N question)))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>     	  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBD Found)
>     				      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     				      (NP-OB1 (Q ony) (NS knyghtes))
>     				      (PP (P about)
>     					  (NP (D this) (N swerd)))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seid)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.248))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                       (NP-VOC (N Sir))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (PUNC ')
>                       (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (NPR Ector))
>                                   (PP (P unto)
>                                       (NP (NPR Arthur))))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (PUNC ')
>                       (IP-SUB-SPE (MD woll)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (BE be)
>                                   (NP-PRD (PRO$ my)
>                                           (ADJP (ADJ good) (CONJ and) (ADJ gracious))
>                                           (N lord))
>                                   (PP (P when)
>                                       (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
>                                                   (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     							  (BEP are)
>     							  (NP-PRD (N kyng))))))
>     		  (PUNC ?)
>     		  (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.272))

#### Direct IF/WHETHER question

In some texts, IF or WHETHER introduces direct questions, which exhibit variable inversion. As usual, questions without inversion contain a `C` position, and ones with inversion do not.

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therfor))
>               (NP-SBJ (NS disciplis))
>               (VBD seiden)
>               (ADVP (ADV togidir))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WQ Whether)
>                               (C 0)					← no inversion, with C
>                               (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q ony) (N man))
>     				      (HVP hath)
>     				      (VBN brou+gt)
>     				      (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>     				      (NP-OB1 (N mete)
>     					      (CP-EOP-SPE (WNP-1 0)
>                                                               (IP-INF-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     								      (TO to)
>     								      (VB ete))))))
>               (PUNC ?))
>       (ID CMNTEST-M3,IV,20.309))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV sythen))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD seyd)
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ")
>               (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WQ Whe+tyr)
>                               (IP-SUB-SPE (HVP haue)		← with inversion, no C
>     				      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				      (VBN synned)
>     				      (PP (PP (P wyth)
>     					      (NP (NS wyfes)))
>                                               (CONJP (CONJ er)
>                                                      (PP (P wyth)
>                                                          (NP (ADJ sengyl) (NS women)))))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC "))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,27.579))

#### Second conjunct

Although syntactically integrated by conjunction, second conjuncts of direct questions often do not form part of what is asked and so do not exhibit inversion.

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV Hou))
>                   (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (MD moun)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge)
>                                           (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>                                   (VB bileue)
>                                   (PUNC ,)
>                                   (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
>                                             (C that)
>                                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                                     (VBP resseyuen)
>                                                     (NP-OB1 (N glorie))
>                                                     (NP-ADV (NP (Q ech))
>                                                             (PP (P of)
>                                                                 (NP (OTHER othere)))))))
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>     				     (VBP seken)
>     				     (NEG not)
>     				     (NP-OB1 (D the) (N glorie)
>     					     (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     						     (C that)
>     						     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     							     (BEP is)
>     							     (PP (P of)
>     								 (NP (NPR God)
>     								     (ADJP (ADJ aloone))))))))))
>     	      (PUNC ?))
>       (ID CMNTEST-M3,V,40.445))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WQ Whether)
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Moises))
>                                   (VBD +gaf)
>                                   (NEG not)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>     				  (NP (PRO +gou)))
>                                   (NP-OB1 (D a) (N lawe)))
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q noon)
>                                                  (PP (P of)
>                                                      (NP (PRO +gou))))
>                                          (DOP doith)
>                                          (NP-OB1 (D the) (N lawe)))))
>                   (PUNC ?))
>       (ID CMNTEST-M3,VII,1.617))

#### Indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB`)

In cases that are ambiguous between an analysis as an indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB`) or a free relative (`CP-FRL`), the default is `CP-QUE-SUB` if the licensing head is compatible with a clause introduced by WHY or WHETHER.

Indirect questions usually occur as complements, but occasionally as complete tokens, usually in the context of headings.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD asked)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (VBD found)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBD wondered)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (BED were)))
>     	  (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBP know)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV why))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (BEP are)
>     			      (DAG doing)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (D that))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBI Aske)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (VBP woll))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1599))

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
>     	  (VBI telle)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (HVP have)
>                                   (VBN spedde)))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1638))

>     ( (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>     	      (VB bryng)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N tydyng)
>     		      (CP-QUE-SUB (WADJP-1 (WADV howe) (ADJ ny))
>                                       (C that)
>                                       (IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1)
>                                               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Quene))
>                                               (BED was)))))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,213.1957))

#### Sluicing

The term "sluicing" refers to the elision of the entire `IP-SUB` part of an indirect question. Our annotation includes only the wh- phrase and the `CP-QUE-SUB` immediately dominating it. The elided `IP-SUB` is completely omitted, as is the silent complementizer.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVP have)
>               (VBN forgotten)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP (WADV how)))
>               (PUNC .)))

Sluiced indirect questions occur in various constructions, including Andrews amalgams and NO MATTER WHAT.

#### Parenthetical indirect question (`CP-QUE-SUB-PRN`)

When indirect questions occur in apposition to a demonstrative or other NP, they carry the extended tag `-PRN`. If extraposed, they (like extraposed parenthetical THAT clauses) are coindexed with an *ICH* trace in order to distinguish them from verbal complements.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (ADJ laste) (N thyng)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (NS men))
>                                       (MD shal)
>                                       (VB understonde)
>                                       (PP (P in)
>     				      (NP (N contricioun))))))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-OB1 (D this)
>                       (PUNC :)
>                       (CP-QUE-SUB-PRN (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherof))
>     				  (C 0)
>                                       (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
>                                               (VBP avayleth)
>                                               (NP-SBJ (N contricioun)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,296.C1a.333))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ but)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	      (VBP knowen)
>     	      (NEG not)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (D this)
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (CP-QUE-SUB-PRN (WPP-1 (P of)
>                                                  (WNP (WPRO whennus)))
>     				      (C 0)
>     				      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
>     					      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     					      (BEP is))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMNTEST-M3,IX,20.924))

#### Indirect IF question

When IF heads indirect questions without inversion, a complementizer position is always included, as it is sometimes filled.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N prynce))
>               (VBD askyd)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ yf)
>     		      (C that)
>     		      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                             (MD wolde)
>                                             (VB for-sake)
>                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N heresy)))
>     			      (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                          (IP-SUB=1 (VB be-leve)
>     					       (PP (P on)
>                                                        (NP (D the) (N faythe)
>     						       (PP (P of)
>     							   (NP (Q alle)
>     							       (ADJ Hooly)
>     							       (NPR Chyrche)))))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,106.228))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
>               (VBD asked)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ +gif)
>     		      (C +tat)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			      (BED were)
>     			      (NP-PRD (D a) (N knyght)))))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,15.331))

#### Indirect WHETHER question

See also Adverbial WHETHER question, Direct IF/WHETHER question, and WHETHER free relative.

Originally, WHETHER meant WHICH OF TWO, and it still occasionally occurs with that meaning in early texts. In that case, WHETHER is tagged `WPRO` and contained in a `WNP`.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ Ne)
>     	      (ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
>     	      (NEG n@)
>     	      (VBP @uten)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>     	      (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (D +teos) (NUM twa)))
>     	      (PUNC ;)
>     	      (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der))		← = WHICH OF TWO
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
>                                       (VBP +tunche+d)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJR wurse))
>                                       (PUNC .)
>                                       (PP (P for)
>     				      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     					      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q ei+der))
>     						      (BEP is)
>     						      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ un+tolelich)))))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMSAWLES-M1,172.82))

Ordinary modern WHETHER is labeled `WQ` with no containing phrasal tag and no associated trace. The annotation always includes a complementizer position, as it is sometimes filled.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD asked)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ whethir)
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                             (BEP were)
>                                             (ADJP-PRD (ADV sore) (ADJ wounded)))
>     			      (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                          (IP-SUB=1 (NEG none)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,639.3936))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     	      (MD may)
>     	      (VB chose)
>     	      (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ whether)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                       (MD woll)
>                                       (VB (VB dye) (CONJ other) (VB lyve))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,197.3040))

#### Adverbial WHETHER question (`CP-QUE-SUB-ADV`)

WHETHER questions with adverbial function are labeled `CP-QUE-SUB-ADV`.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     	      (MD shal)
>     	      (VB overcome)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (PRO hem)
>     		      (QP (Q all)))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whether)
>     			      (C 0)
>     			      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     					      (VBP wille))
>     				      (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
>                                                          (NEG n@)
>                                                          (VBP @ylle)))))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>     	      (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,13.372))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Thou))
>                   (BEP arte)
>                   (PP (P in)
>     		  (NP (PRO$ my) (N daungere)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whethir)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>                                           (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                                           (VBP lyste)
>                                           (IP-INF-1 (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                                             (VB save)
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
>                                                     (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                                            (IP-INF (TO *)
>                                                                    (VB sle)
>                                                                    (NP-OB1 (PRO the))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,40.1309))

#### Tag question (`CP-QUE-TAG`)

Tag questions are specially marked with the dash tag `-TAG`. In contrast to what is ordinarily the case, existential THERE (`EX`) in tag questions has no associate and hence has no index.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (EX There))
>     	  (HVP have)
>               (BEN been)
>               (NP=1 (NS riots))
>               (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (NPR Calabria)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-QUE-TAG (IP-SUB (HVP have@)
>     			      (NEG @n't)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (EX there))))
>     	  (PUNC ?)))

### Exclamation (`CP-EXL`)

Exclamations are tagged `CP-EXL`. Their internal syntax is generally that of questions (either direct or indirect, depending on the presence of subject-verb inversion).

>     ( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WD what)
>     		 (NS Pains)
>     		 (IP-INF *ICH*-3))
>     	  (IP-SUB (BEP is)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (D a) (N Man))
>     		  (PP (P at)
>     		      (NP *T*-1))
>     		  (IP-INF-3 (TO to)
>     			    (VB get)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Truth))
>     			    (PP (RP out)
>     				(P of)
>     				(NP (D these) (NS Fellows)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID LISLE-1685-E3-H,IV,114C2.115))

>     ( (CP-EXL (META (CODE <font>) (NPR Jo.) (CODE <$$font>))
>     	  (INTJ O)
>     	  (WNP-1 (WD what) (D a) (ADJ happy) (N man))
>     	  (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
>     		  (MD shall)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		  (BE be))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,116.19))

>     ( (CP-EXL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>     	  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     		  (MD should)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     		  (DO do)
>     		  (PP (P with)
>     		      (NP (SUCH such) (D a) (N house))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,116.37))

>     ( (CP-EXL (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>     		  (VBD Woulde)
>     		  (CP-THT (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				  (MD might)
>     				  (PP (P for)
>     				      (NP (PRO$ your) (N sake)))
>     				  (PUNC ,)
>     				  (VB spende)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (NUM a_thousande) (N pound))
>     					  (N land)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID UDALL-1544-E1-H,L.1145.476))

### Relative clause (`CP-REL`)

- Extraposed relative clause
- AS relative
- SE +TE relative
- THERE relative
- Reduced relative clause

This section covers finite relative clauses. Infinitival relatives are discussed separately. See also Purpose/relative infinitive clauses.

Our annotation does not distinguish restrictive from non-restrictive relative clauses. Both types are contained within the brackets of their antecedent. For relative clauses that are not contained in (or do not leave a trace of extraposition in) the brackets of their antecedents, see Clause-adjoined relative (`CP-CAR`).

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)				← restrictive
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                           (HVP hath))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.32))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N knyghte)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (VBP hyghte)
>                           (NP-PRD (NPR syr) (NPR Jordanus)
>                                   (PUNC ,)
>                                   (NP-PRN (D a) (N knyghte)
>                                           (PP (P of)
>     					  (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ dukes)))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.81))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N castel)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche))		← non-restrictive
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (HVD had)
>                           (NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
>                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                          (NX (NS posternes)))
>                                   (RP oute)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.36))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (D the) (N mayster) (N fyende)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (NPR helle)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     			  (HVP hath)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (N pouste`))
>     			  (PP (P over)
>                                   (NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (NS devyllis))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,670.4984))

As usual, both the wh- constituent and the trace indicate the category of the gap, with additional functional information appearing on the trace only. In contrast to the modern standard language, earlier stages of the language allow relative clauses on subject position with both the relative pronoun and the complementizer position empty.

>     ( (NP (Q ony) (N man)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)				← NP gap; function: subject
>                           (MD woll)
>                           (VB sey)
>                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ contrary)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,35.1136))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)				← NP gap; function: object
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                           (HVP hath))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.32))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N tyme)
>           (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV whan))
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)				← ADVP gap; function: temporal
>                           (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
>                           (BED was)
>                           (PP (P at)
>     			  (NP (NPR London))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1483))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N castell)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (NPR Carbonek)))
>           (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)				← ADVP gap; function: locative
>                           (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ Maymed) (N Kyng))
>                           (BEP ys)
>                           (VAG lyyng))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4600))

#### Extraposed relative clause

As usual, extraposed relative clauses are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace within the brackets of their antecedent.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q every) (N man)
>     		  (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>     	  (MD shold)
>     	  (VB assay)
>     	  (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
>                         (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                 (VBD wold)))
>     	  (IP-INF (FOR for)
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB wynne)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.206))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
>                   (VBP gyff)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO hym)
>                           (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>                   (NP-OB1 (N joy))
>                   (CP-REL-2 (WNP-1 0)
>     			(C that)
>     			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				(NP-OB1 (D this) (N spere))
>     				(VBD made))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3198))

#### AS relative

AS relatives have the same structure as other relative clauses, but the wh- position is always silent.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ne)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD cowde)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N thing)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C as)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (N knyghthood))
>                                       (VBD axed))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,48.1438))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Outher)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (D th'@) (N @estaat)
>                       (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (N innocence)))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C as)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED was)
>                                       (NP-PRD (D th'@) (N @estaat)
>                                               (PP (P of)
>     					      (NP (NPR adam))))
>                                       (PP (P biforn)
>     				      (CP-ADV (C that)
>     					      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     						      (VBD fil)
>     						      (PP (P into)
>                                                               (NP (N synne))))))))))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,311.C1.981))

#### SE +TE relative

See also +TE/THAT free relative.

SE is often replaced by +TE in Middle English texts, yielding +TE +TE relatives.

SE +TE relatives are difficult to categorize unambiguously. In Old English, demonstrative pronouns were used as relative pronouns (instead of wh- words), so that relative clauses introduced by demonstratives are at least potentially ambiguous between a reading where the demonstrative is the antecedent of an ordinary relative clause with an empty operator, and a free relative reading where the demonstrative is the relative pronoun.

>     (NP (D se)			← ordinary relative analysis - type 1
>         (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                 (C +te)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

>     (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (D se))	← free relative analysis - type 2
>                 (C +te)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

In Old English, it is mostly possible to deduce the structure from the case marking on the demonstrative (Cynthia Allen, 1980, Topics in diachronic English syntax, Garland Press). In type 1, the demonstrative is marked for its role in the matrix clause, while in type 2, it is marked for its role in the subordinate clause. But this criterion would be exceptionally difficult and time-consuming to apply in Middle English, and so we uniformly treat SE +TE relatives as ordinary relatives, even though this is (or may be) the wrong analysis in some cases.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>     	      (NP-LFD (D se)
>     		      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			      (C +de)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				      (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO +gew))
>     					      (CONJP *ICH*-2))
>     				      (VBP forsak+t)
>     				      (CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
>     					       (NP (PRO$ +gewere) (N lare))))))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
>     	      (VBP forsak+t)
>     	      (ADVP (ADV+ADV full+gewiss))
>     	      (NP-OB1 (PRO me) (N seluen))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>     	      (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,45.496))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D se)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C +de)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>     				  (VB wissin)
>     				  (MD scolde))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (DOP de+d)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D +do) (ADJ ilke) (NS sennes)))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,127.1568))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (NP-LFD (D +te)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BEP bi+d)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ $wis)))))
>               (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
>               (NEG $ne)
>               (VBP $wur+d)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV $neure))
>               (CODE {TEXT:neme})
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ modi))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,107.991))

>     ( (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D +te)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C +te)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (VBP nicke+d)
>     				  (ADVP (ADV wel)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (MD Mei)
>     	  (BE beon)
>     	  (VAN ibore+gen))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.228.3297))

There are a few cases in the early texts with an NP antecedent and a SE +TE relative. In these cases, the demonstrative obviously cannot be the antecedent and so must be treated as a relative pronoun instead.

>     (NP (D the) (N man)
>         (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D se))
>                 (C +te / 0)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

The two elements in SE +TE relatives are not always both overt, and when only one element intervenes between the antecedent and the IP, it is not always possible to tell whether it occupies the wh- position or C. Our rule in these cases is that a single +TE or THAT occupies C, and that other demonstratives (SE, +TA, +TO, etc.) occupy the wh- position. Cases with +TE or THAT alone but without an antecedent are treated as free relatives.

>     (NP (D the) (N man)
>         (CP-REL (WNP 0)
>                 (C +te)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

>     (NP (D the) (N man)
>         (CP-REL (WNP (D se))
>                 (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of)
>     	      (NP (D +tan)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
>               (HVD h+afde)
>               (NP-OB1 (D an) (OTHER o+dre) (N dohter)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D seo))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED w+as)
>                                       (ALSO eac)
>                                       (VAN gen+amd)
>                                       (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-2)
>                                               (NP-PRD (NPR maria)))
>                                       (PP (P +after)
>     				      (NP (D +t+are) (ADJR +arre) (N dohter)))))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-3 (D +tas))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
>                                       (VBP cleope+d)
>                                       (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                               (NP-PRD (NPR Maria) (NPR Cleophe))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,139.145))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Harke)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
>               (NP-OB1 (D +de) (ADJ formeste) (N forbysne)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +de)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (NP-OB2 (N+N mankenn))
>                                       (VBD sceawede)))
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-2 (D +das))
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                       (MD cunnen)
>                                       (VB understonden))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,49.549))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (D An) (ADJ lytel) (N synne)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +tone))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO heo))
>                                       (HVP h+af+d)
>                                       (DON gedon)
>                                       (PUNC ,)
>                                       (PP (P beo)
>     				      (NP (PRO$ his) (N gewittscipe))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO heo))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (QR mare)
>                       (PP (P +tone)
>     		      (NP (Q eall) (NPR middeneard))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,140.170))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (D se)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D +te))
>                               (C +tet)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NEG ne)
>                                       (MD wolden)
>                                       (DO done))))
>               (VBD forgede)
>               (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ his) (N circe))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                              (NP (PRO$ his) (N hus)))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                              (NP (PRO$ his) (N ham)))))
>       (ID CMPETERB-M1,51.292))

#### THERE relative

See also THERE free relative.

Relatives introduced by THERE and containing an optional complementizer (AS, THAT) are treated analogously to SE +TE relatives. THERE is treated as the antecedent unless another antecedent is present, in which case THERE occupies the wh- position and is labeled `ADV`.

>     (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
>     	  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>                       (C as / that)
>                       (IP-SUB ...)))

>     (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)
>               (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV there))
>            	          (C as / that / 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB ...)))

>     (NP (D the) (N place)
>         (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV there))
>     	    (C as / that / 0)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ And)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tanne))
>     	  (PP (P wit)
>     	      (NP (Q alle) (N reuerence)))
>     	  (VBI beklep)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q sum) (N party)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D+ADJ +tilke) (ADJ swete) (N stalle)
>     			  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
>     				  (C 0)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ty) (ADJ +gunge) (N husbonde))
>     					  (VBP ly+t)
>     					  (PP (P in)
>     					      (ADVP *T*-1)))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,40.420))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N munt)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (NPR caluarie)))
>     		  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
>     				  (VBD hongede))))
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (BED wes)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D +te) (N kwalm) (N stouwe)
>     		  (CP-REL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>     					  (VBD lei+gen)
>     					  (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
>     					  (NP-SBJ (NS licomes)
>     						  (RRC (VAN iroted)))
>     					  (PP (P buuen)
>     					      (NP (N eor+de))))
>     				  (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     					 (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>     						 (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     						 (VBD stunke)
>     						 (ADVP (ADV swi+de) (ADV fule)))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.84.1017))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C +tet)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (HVP haue+d)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (D +tet) (N+N hors-hus)
>     					  (CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
>     						  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>     							  (TO te)
>     							  (VB witene)))))))
>     	  (PUNC ;)
>     	  (MD scal)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
>     		    (PUNC .)
>     		    (CP-REL (WADVP-3 (ADV +ter))
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-3)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     				    (BEP is)
>     				    (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ful)))))
>     	  (PUNC ;)
>     	  (VB makien)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ clene)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMLAMB1-M1,85.212))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBD bare)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>     	  (PP (P to)
>     	      (NP (NPR Vortiger)))
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere)
>     		    (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>     			    (C +tat)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     				    (VBD duellede))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,48.1453))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
>     		    (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>     			    (C as)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N water))
>     				    (BEP is))))
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV sikerliche))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D +te) (NPR feont))
>     	  (VBP fli+d)
>     	  (PP (P leoste)
>     	      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			      (BEP beo)
>     			      (VAN for_schalded))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.180.2534))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there@)
>     		    (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>     			    (C @as)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR Sankgreall))
>     				    (BED was)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4639))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N sonne) (N beem))
>     	  (VBD bare)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>     	  (NP-MSR (ADJ longe) (N tyme))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +tere))
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (OTHER o+tere) (NS servauntes))
>     				    (VBD faillede))))
>     	  (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,181.1300))

#### Reduced relative clause (`RRC`)

Reduced relatives (`RRC`) headed by participles are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (`IP-PPL`) (see here for discussion). In searches for one category, it is wise to include the other.

Reduced relatives ("wh+is" deletion) are labeled `RRC`. They can be restrictive or non-restrictive, but almost always immediately follow their antecedent. RRCs contain no operator or gap of their own. They may, however, contain a small clause with a subject gap; in this case, a placeholder is added for the subject (which in a full relative clause would contain the trace of the wh- word) in order to clarify the structure. The predicate of a reduced relative is ordinarily a present or past participle, but non-verbal predicates are also possible.

>     ( (NP (D a) (N fygure)
>           (RRC (VAG stondynge)
>     	   (PP (P aboven)
>     	       (NP (PRO them)))
>     	   (PP (P with)
>     	       (NP (D a) (N swerde)
>     		   (RRC (VAN drawyn)
>     			(PP (P in)
>     			    (NP (PRO$ hys) (N honde))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,59.1953))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D a) (N candyll)
>     		  (RRC (VAG brennyng)))
>     	  (VBP bytokenyth)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ oure) (NPR lady))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (NP (PRO$ hor) (N sonne)))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (NP (D a) (N man)
>     			     (NP-PRN (PRO+N hymselfe)))))
>     	  (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,60.1636))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ good) (N man)
>     		  (RRC (VAN named)
>     		       (PP (P of)
>     			   (NP (PRO$ his) (N body)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1527))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ same) (N lady))
>     	      (BED was)
>     	      (NP-PRD (D the) (ADJS untrwyste) (N lady)
>     		      (RRC (VAG lyvynge)))
>     	      (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1623))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (NP-PRD (NS messyngers)
>     		  (PP (P unto)
>     		      (NP (NPR kyng) (NPR Ban)
>     			  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     				 (NX (NPR Bors)))))
>     		  (RRC (VAN isente)
>     		       (PP (P frome)
>     			   (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,15.459))

#### Reduced relative clause with subject gap

>     ( (NP (D the) (N castell)
>           (RRC (VAN called)
>     	   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)			← small clause with empty subject
>     		   (NP-PRD (NPR Camelot)))
>     	   (PP (P in)
>     	       (NP (D tho) (NS dayes)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1488))

#### Reduced relative clause with nonverbal predicate

Postnominal ADJPs and ADVPs, parenthetical NPs, and PPs in isolation are not treated as reduced relative clauses. The general idea is that RRCs with a nonverbal predicate are a last resort.

>     ( (NP (D +te) (N contre)
>           (RRC (RP about))					← RRC because predicate = RP
>           (PUNC ,)
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,226.4095))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
>     	  (VBP make)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q ony) (N gadering))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (N coumfort)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (NPR Richard)
>     			  (PUNC ,)
>     			  (RRC (NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))	← RRC because NP-TMP and NP-PRD
>     			       (NP-PRD (N kyng))))))))    need to form a constituent
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,215.3858))

>     ( (IP-PPL (VAG sitting)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (D a) (N tunne)
>     		  (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV euyr))		← RRC because ADVP and ADJP
>     		       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ open)	          need to form a constituent
>     				 (PP (P to)
>     				     (NP (D +te) (N sunne))))))))
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,41.292))

#### Reduced relative clause versus participial clause

As already mentioned, reduced relatives are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (`IP-PPL`). We apply the following rules:

- Certain participial clauses are clearly not reduced relative clauses. For instance, clauses headed by ACCORDING TO, CONSIDERING, and the like are almost always instances of `IP-PPL`.
- Generally, a participial clause immediately following a subject is labeled `RRC,` except when it clearly describes an action that takes place simultaneously with that of the main verb.

  >     ( (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ (D an) (N angel))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (IP-PPL (VAG entryngge)		← IP-PPL, not RRC
  >     		  (PP (P in-to)
  >     		      (NP (N prysoun))))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (VBD turnede)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (N derknesse))
  >     	  (PP (P in-to)
  >     	      (NP (N li+gt))))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,28.74))

- Generally, a participial clause immediately following the complement of a verb or preposition is labeled `RRC`, except when it follows an ECM verb and describes an action taking place simultaneously with that of the main verb.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD admired)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS children)
  >     		  (RRC (VAG dancing)))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD admired)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N pendulum)
  >     		  (RRC (VAG swinging)))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD saw)					← SEE = inherent ECM verb
  >     	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS children))
  >     		      (VAG dancing))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD saw)					← SEE = inherent ECM verb
  >     	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N pendulum))
  >     		      (VAG swinging))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD perceived)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS children))		← treated as object control
  >     	  (IP-PPL (VAG dancing))))			  because referent is animate

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     	  (VBD perceived)
  >     	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N pendulum))	← treated as ECM
  >     		      (VAG swinging))))	 		  because referent is inanimate

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))
  >     	  (BED was)
  >     	  (NP-1 (D a) (N pendulum))		        ← analogous to A PENDULUM
  >     	  (VAG hanging)	 				  WAS HANGING FROM THE CEILING
  >     	  (PP (P from)
  >     	      (NP (D the) (N ceiling)))))

- Participial clauses in other positions are labeled `IP-PPL` except when their interpretation is clearly analogous to that of a relative clause.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
  >     	  (BED were)
  >     	  (VAN found)
  >     	  (IP-PPL (VAG hanging)
  >     		  (PP (P from)
  >     		      (NP (D the) (N rafters))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
  >     	  (VBD sent)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (D a)
  >     		  (ADJ private)
  >     		  (N message)
  >     		  (RRC *ICH*-1))
  >     	  (PP (P to)
  >     	      (NP (PRO$ her) (N Mama)))
  >     	  (RRC-1 (VAG implying)
  >     		 (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR as) (Q much))))
  >     	  (PUNC -)
  >     	  (PUNC '))
  >       (ID AUSTEN-180X-1,161.40))

### Clause-adjoined relative (`CP-CAR`)

See also Clause-adjoined adjective (`ADJP-CAR`) and Clause-adjoined NP (`NP-CAR`).

The following types of relative clauses are treated as clause-adjoined, attaching as daughters of IP or of RRC. In legal texts, notably statutes, clause-adjoined relatives are sometimes split off as separate sentence tokens (though still labeled `CP-CAR`) in order to keep sentence tokens from becoming outlandishly long.

- Continuative relatives, where the antecedent of relative clause is the VP or the entire clause

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >     	  (VBD gaff)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
  >     	  (NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Lotte))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (WADV+P whereof))
  >     		  (C 0)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
  >     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >     			  (VBD seyde)
  >     			  (QTP (INTJ gramercy))))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,21.663))

- Relative clauses introduced by a wh- modified nominal. Some instances of this type may in fact be matrix clauses with a preposed wh- phrase functioning as a topicalized constituent, but we do not attempt to distinguish the two cases.

  >     ( (NP (D a) (N foundation)
  >           (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P without)
  >                          (WNP (WD which) (N foundation)))   ← CP-CAR - head of WNP = N
  >                   (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
  >                           ...))))

  >     ( (NP (D a) (N foundation)
  >           (CP-REL (WPP-1 (P without)
  >                          (WNP (WPRO which)))                ← CP-REL - head of WNP = WPRO
  >                   (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
  >                           ...))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Tis) (N vertu)
  >     		  (PP (P of)
  >     		      (NP (N meknesse))))
  >     	  (BEP is)
  >     	  (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ sur) (N fundement)
  >     		  (PP (P of)
  >     		      (NP (Q alle) (N maner)
  >     			  (NP-COM (NS vertues)))))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (CP-CAR (WPP-1 (P whit-oute)
  >     			 (WNP (WD which) (N fundement)))
  >     		  (C 0)
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
  >     			  (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-2 (WPRO what) (ADV so) (ADV euere))
  >     					  (C 0)
  >     					  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
  >     						  (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
  >     						  (MD wylt)
  >     						  (ADVP (ADV gostly))
  >     						  (VB reyse)
  >     						  (RP vp))))
  >     			  (PUNC ,)
  >     			  (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO hit))
  >     			  (VBP falle+t)
  >     			  (RP doun)))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,32.181))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >     	  (PP (ADV+P therfore))
  >     	  (BEP is)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO he))
  >     	  (VAN clepid)
  >     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
  >     		  (NP-PRD (FW solsticium)
  >     			  (PP (P of)
  >     			      (NP (N somer)))))
  >     	  (PUNC ;)
  >     	  (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WD which) (N declinacioun))
  >     		  (C 0)
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
  >     			  (PP (P after)
  >     			      (NP (NPR Ptholome)))
  >     			  (PUNC ,)
  >     			  (BEP is)
  >     			  (NP-PRD (NP (NUM 23) (NS degrees))
  >     				  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     					 (NP (NUM 50) (NS minutes))))
  >     			  (PP (ADVP (ADVR as)
  >     				    (ADV wel)
  >     				    (PP *ICH*-3))
  >     			      (PP (P in)
  >     				  (NP (NPR Cancer)))
  >     			      (PP-3 (P as)
  >     				    (PP (P in)
  >     					(NP (NPR Capricorn)))))))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMASTRO-M3,666.C2.107))

- WHEREFORE clauses

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
  >     	  (BED was)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >     	  (VAN enterid)
  >     	  (PP (P as)
  >     	      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
  >     		      (C 0)
  >     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >     			      (NP-SBJ *exp*)
  >     			      (VBD longed)
  >     			      (PP (P to)
  >     				  (NP (D a) (N kyng))))))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (CP-CAR (WPP-2 (WADV+P wherfor))
  >     		  (C 0)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-3 (PP *T*-2)
  >     				    (NP-SBJ (D the)
  >     					    (N quene)
  >     					    (PUNC ,)
  >     					    (NP-PRN (ADJ fayre) (NPR Igrayne)))
  >     				    (PUNC ,)
  >     				    (VBD made)
  >     				    (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe)))
  >     			  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     				 (IP-SUB=3 (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS barons))))))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.181))

- Ordinary relative clauses that are separated from their antecedent by one or more clauses. Such relative clauses are treated as clause-adjoined relatives forming a token of their own.

  >     ( (IP-MAT A farmer said to his son, "I bequeath to you my Jersey cow.))

  >     ( (IP-IMP-SPE Be sure to take good care of her."))

  >     ( (CP-CAR To whom the son replied, "Father, I will do my best."))

When the wh- phrase introducing the clause-adjoined relative has no clear relation to the body of the clause, its trace is labeled `NP-ADT`.

>     ( (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO which))
>     	  (C 0)
>     	  (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-1)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		  (VBP marvell)
>     		  (ADVP (ADV greatly))
>     		  (CP-THT (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				  (HVP have)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N word))
>     			     	  (PP (P from)
>     				      (NP (PRO you)))))))
>       (ID APLUMPT-1503-E1-H,186.92))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (VBP judge)
>     	  (CP-THT (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ there) (N designe))
>     			  (BEP is)
>     			  (IP-INF-PRD (TO to)
>     				      (VB ingage)
>     				      (NP-OB1 (PRO us))
>     				      (PP (P amongst)
>     					  (NP (D the) (NS sands))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (WPRO w=ch=))
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-ADT *T*-1)
>     			  (ADVP (ADV posibly))
>     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			  (MD may)
>     			  (BE be)
>     			  (VAN deceaved)
>     			  (PP (P in)
>     			      (NP (PRO$ there) (N expectation)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID RHADDSR-1673-E3-P2,11.35))

### Free relative (`CP-FRL`)

For cases that are ambiguous between an analysis as a free relative or an indirect question, see Indirect question.

- Wh- free relative
  - AS free relative
  - WHETHER free relative
  - Verb fronting in free relative clause (COME WHAT MAY)
- Non-wh free relative
  - +TE/THAT free relative
  - THERE/THEN free relative

Free relative clauses are exocentric structures, like amalgams. Internally, they are treated in the same way as indirect questions or ordinary relative clauses. A wh- position and a complementizer position are included in every case. The wh- position may be filled by a wh- word or (in Middle English) a th- word. Externally, free relatives are bracketed and labeled by function as subjects, objects, complements of prepositions, adverb phrases, etc. The basic category enclosing the free relative is generally identical with the gap in the free relative, but the dash tags on the two categories may differ. This is particularly common with free relative clauses containing `WNP`. Internally, the `WNP` is generally coindexed with an argument trace, but externally, the entire free relative often has a non-argument function (`NP-ADT`, `NP-ADV`, `NP-LFD`).

#### Wh- free relative

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P From)
>     	      (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     				  (VBP says)))))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (BEP are)
>     	  (DAG doing)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV well))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>     	      (PP (P Be)
>     		  (NP (PRO$ my) (N feyth)))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (PUNC ')
>     	      (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>     			  (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure)))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (PUNC ')
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	      (MD woll)
>     	      (VB gyff)
>     	      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     	      (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL-SPE (WNP-1 (WD what) (N gyffte))
>     				  (C that)
>     				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     					      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     					      (MD woll)
>     					      (VB aske))))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,42.1380))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADJP-PRD (ADJ Iblessyd))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D +tat) (N man))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what) (ADV euere))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     				  (BEP bee))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,45.587))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
>     			  (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (VBP holdeth)
>     				  (PP (P ageynst)
>     				      (NP (PRO it))))))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (MD wille)
>     	  (VB slee)
>     	  (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hym))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,11.306))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (ADJ faire) (NS sires))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO y))
>     	  (MD wil)
>     	  (VB go)
>     	  (PP (P wi+t)
>     	      (NP (PRO +tow)))
>     	  (ADVP-DIR (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV+ADV+ADV whider-so-euer))
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>     				    (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>     				    (VBP lede)))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,217.3893))

It is possible for a preposition to do double duty in the sense that it governs the wh- phrase within the free relative, but also forms part of the matrix clause. Such cases are not to be confused with the ordinary case of a preposition taking a free relative as a complement, as illustrated above. Prepositions doing such double duty are included within the free relative.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N lorde))
>     	  (MD woll)
>     	  (VB sle)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>     	  (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-2 (P in)
>     			     (WNP (WD what) (N place) (ADV+ADV somever)))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			      (VBP fyndith)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,662.4701))

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (P In)
>     			     (WNP (WD what) (N dede) (ADV sam)))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     			      (BEP be))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (VBI loke)
>     	  (CP-THT (C +tat)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO$ yure) (N +toht))
>     				  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     					 (NP (PRO$ +gure) (N herte))))
>     			  (BEP $be)
>     			  (PP (P to)
>     			      (NP (NPR god)
>     				  (ADJP (ADJ almihten))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,14.486))

#### AS free relative

AS clauses with a nominal gap that act as arguments of the matrix verb are treated as free relatives with a nominal empty operator and with AS filling the complementizer position.

>     ( (IP-IMP (DOI doo)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C as)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				  (VBP say))))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (DOI doo)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C as)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				  (VBP tell)
>     				  (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))))))

#### WHETHER free relative

In Middle English, WHETHER in free relatives is often used in its original meaning WHICH OF TWO, in which case it is tagged `WPRO` and dominated by `WNP`.

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwe+der) (ADV se))	← WHICH OF TWO
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     				  (DOP de+d))))
>     	  (PUNC ;)
>     	  (VBI scarne+d)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.182.2568))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO hwa+der)			← WHICH OF YOU TWO
>     				 (NP-COM (PRO$ +gunker)))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (PRO hes))
>     				  (VBP tobrec+d))))
>     	  (PUNC :)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (LATIN (FW justicia) (FW dei)))
>     	  (MD scall)
>     	  (PP (ADVP (ADV +dar))
>     	      (P of))
>     	  (DO don)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (N riht))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,95.1131))

#### Verb fronting in free relative clause (COME WHAT MAY)

In adverbial free relatives of the type COME WHAT MAY, the fronted verb precedes the wh- position. Externally, these clauses are labeled `NP-ADV`. If the verb is not repeated, it is coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace within IP-SUB. If the verb is repeated, it is labeled as left-dislocated (`-LFD`) (even though a word rather than a phrase), and its copy is labeled as resumptive (`-RSP`).

>     ( (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-1 come)
>     		  (WNP-2 (WPRO what))
>     		  (IP-SUB (VB *ICH*-1)
>     			  (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>     			  (MD may)))))

>     ( (NP-ADV (CP-FRL (VB-LFD come)
>     		  (WNP-2 (WPRO what))
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>     			  (MD may)
>     			  (VB-RSP come)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	      (VBP schawi+d)
>     	      (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>     	      (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu))
>     	      (NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VB-2 sei)
>     				  (WNP-1 0)
>     				  (C +tt)
>     				  (IP-SUB-SPE (VB *ICH*-2)
>     					      (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     					      (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
>     					      (MD wult)
>     					      (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu)))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,34.237))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (D +tt))
>     	      (VBP stont)
>     	      (ADVP (ADV studeuest))
>     	      (NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (VBP-LFD falle)
>     				  (WNP-1 0)
>     				  (C +tt)
>     				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     					      (VBP-RSP falle))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMJULIA-M1,124.520))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>     	      (BEP am)
>     	      (ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
>     	      (PP (P wi+d)
>     		  (NP (PRO +te)))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>     	      (NP-ADV (CP-FRL-SPE (DOP-LFD do)
>     				  (WNP-1 0)
>     				  (C +tt)
>     				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     					      (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>     					      (DOP-RSP do)
>     					      (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,42.376))

#### Non-wh free relative

#### +TE/THAT free relative

See also SE +TE relative.

In principle, relatives introduced by +TE or THAT alone are amenable to an analysis as free relatives or as ordinary relatives, depending on whether +TE/THAT is taken as a complementizer or as an antecedent.

>     (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0))		← free relative analysis
>         	    (C +te / that)
>         	    (IP-SUB ...)))

>     (NP (D +te / that)		← ordinary relative analysis
>         (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                 (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB ...)))

Because it is difficult or impossible to decide for each case which analysis is correct, we uniformly treat all +TE/THAT relatives without an unambiguous antecedent as free relatives, with +TE/THAT as the complementizer, even though this may be the wrong analysis in some cases.

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P wit)
>     	      (NP (NP (ADJ depe) (NS si+g+gyngges))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (ADJ pytous) (N cryingge)))))
>               (VBI cacche)
>               (PP (P of)
>     	      (NP (PRO hym)))
>               (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                       (VBP coueytest))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.496))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N mu+d))
>                                       (NEG ne)
>                                       (MD mei)
>                                       (VB *)
>                                       (PP (P for)
>     					(NP (N scheome))))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ licht) (N ech+ge))
>               (VBP speke+d)
>               (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.49.460))

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ &)
>               (VBI +tonke)
>               (NP-OB2 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>                                       (VBD sende)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.102.1243))

#### THERE/THEN free relative

See also THERE relative.

Relatives introduced by THERE/THEN alone (without a complementizer) are treated as free relatives with THERE/THEN filling the wh- position. Examples with THERE are far more common than ones with THEN.

>     (ADVP-LOC/TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 +ter/+tenne)
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB ...)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ti) (N shape))
>               (DOD dide)
>               (PUNC .)
>               (NP-OB1 (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>     			      (C +tat)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				      (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     				      (NEG ne)
>     				      (MD sholde)
>     				      (VB *))))
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-2 (ADV +ter))
>                                                (C 0)
>                                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>                                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                                        (NEG ne)
>                                                        (MD sholde)
>                                                        (VB *)))))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (ADVP-TMP (CP-FRL (WADVP-3 (ADV +tenne))
>                                                (C 0)
>                                                (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-3)
>                                                        (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                                        (NEG ne)
>                                                        (MD sholde)
>                                                        (VB *))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,67.910))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     				    (HVD hadde)
>     				    (BEN ibe)
>     				    (VAG (VAG blaberynge) (CONJ and) (VAG chaterynge)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD took)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (PP (P to)
>     	      (NP (N silence)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,32.158))

#### Amalgam

Amalgams are annotated as exocentric structures analogous to free relative clauses. Like free relatives, they are dominated by a phrasal category indicating their function in the containing clause (subject, object, complement of preposition, adverb phrase, etc.). Amalgams differ from free relatives in that the node immediately dominating the amalgam is `IP-MAT` (or `IP-MAT-SPE`) rather than `CP-FRL`.

Two types of amalgams discussed in the syntactic literature are Andrews amalgams, which contain a sluiced indirect question, and Horn amalgams, which contain an elided IT cleft. However, amalgams are not restricted to these two types.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO Ye))						← Andrews amalgam
>     	  (VBP worship)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     			  (VBP know)
>     			  (NEG not)
>     			  (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what)))))
>     	  (PUNC :))
>       (ID AUTHNEW-1611-E2-H,4,20J.402))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))						← Andrews amalgam
>               (DOD did)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (ADVP (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		        (MD ca@)
>     		        (NEG @n't)
>     		        (VB tell)
>     		        (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     			(CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP (WADV how)))))
>     	  (PUNC :)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))						← Horn amalgam
>     	  (VBD worshipped)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			  (VBP think)
>     			  (CP-THT (C 0)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     					  (BED was)
>     					  (NP-PRD (D a)
>     						  (ADJ golden)
>     						  (N calf))))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))						← Horn amalgam
>     	  (VBD worshipped)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     			  (MD must)
>     			  (HV have)
>     			  (BEN been)
>     			  (NP-PRD (D a)
>     				  (ADJ golden)
>     				  (N calf))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))						← unclassified type
>     	  (VBD ordered)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-1 (D a) (N hoagie))
>     	  	  	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			  (VBP call)
>     			  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     			  	  (NP-PRD *T*-1))
>                               (PP (P in)
>     			      (NP (NPR Philadelphia)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))						← unclassified type
>     	  (VBD ordered)
>               (NP-OB1 (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D a) (N hoagie))
>     			  (BEP is)
>                               (NP-PRD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>                                               (C 0)
>                                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                                       (VBP call)
>                                                       (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                                               (NP-PRD *T*-1))
>                                                       (PP (P in)
>     						      (NP (NPR Philadelphia))))))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### IT cleft (`CP-CLF`)

Internally, IT clefts have the same structure as ordinary relative clauses, but externally, they are daughters of IP.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It))
>     	  (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (D a) (N hoagie))
>     	  (CP-CLF (WNP-1 0)
>                       (C that)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                               (VBD ordered)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     	      (BED was)
>     	      (NP-PRD (PRO I)
>     		      (NP-PRN (PRO$+N myself)))
>     	      (CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				      (VBD cam)
>     				      (PP (P in)
>                                               (NP (D the) (N lykenesse)))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,5.131))

### CP with initial non-wh phrase

#### Adjunction to CP

Material appearing before a wh- element must be adjoined to CP rather than occupying Spec(CP) (since the wh- element occupies that position), but our annotation does not explicitly express the distinction between the two types of positions. For verb movement to the pre-wh position, see Verb fronting in free relative clause.

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (NP-LFD (D The) (N party))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
>     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     		      (BEP is)
>     		      (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it)))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (NP-VOC (NS Ladies) (CONJ and) (ADJ+NS gentlemen))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (WNP-2 (WPRO whom))
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>     		      (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
>     		      (MD shall)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     		      (VB elect))
>     	      (PUNC ?)))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D tes) (ADJ unseli))
>     	  (NEG ne)
>     	  (MD +turue)
>     	  (NEG nawt)
>     	  (VB seggen)
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (PRO$ +ti) (NPR lauerd)
>     				  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     					  (C +tt)
>     					  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
>     							  (VBP leuest)
>     							  (PP (P on)
>                                                                   (NP *T*-1)))
>     						  (PUNC .)
>     						  (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                                                      (MD schulde)
>                                                                      (NP-PRD (PRO$ +ti) (N scheld))
>                                                                      (BE beon))))))
>     			  (PUNC .)
>     			  (WADVP-2 (WADV hwer))
>     			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>     				  (BEP is)
>     				  (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
>     				  (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
>       (ID CMJULIA-M1,122.464))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI loke)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tenne))
>               (PP (ADV+P her-bi))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV hwa-se))
>     				      (C 0)
>     				      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     					      (PP (P of)
>                                                       (NP (PRO$ hire) (N mei+dhad)))
>     					      (PUNC ;)
>     					      (VBP lihte+d)
>     					      (PP (P in-to)
>                                                       (NP (N wedlac))))))
>     		      (PUNC ;)
>     		      (WPP-2 (P bi)
>                                  (WNP (WQP (WADV hu) (Q monie))
>                                       (NS degrez)))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (PP *T*-2)
>     			      (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO ha))
>     			      (VBP falle+d)
>     			      (ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD dunewardes))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,144.244))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD tolde)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (PP-1 (P whyle)
>                                 (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                                 (VBD tarryed)
>                                                 (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
>     		      (WADVP-2 (WADV how))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
>     			      (PP *ICH*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (NPR Nero))
>     			      (BED was)
>     			      (VAN (VAN destroyed) (CONJ and) (VAN slayne))
>     			      (PP (P with)
>                                       (NP (Q all) (PRO$ his) (N oste)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,57.1905))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD (VBD +girnde) (CONJ &) (VBD walde))
>               (ADVP (ADV +georne))
>               (CP-THT (PP-2 (P +gef)
>     			(CP-ADV (C 0)
>     				(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ godes) (N wil))
>     					(BED were))))
>                       (PUNC ;)
>                       (C +tt)
>                       (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
>                               (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>                               (MD moste)
>                               (BE beon)
>                               (NP-PRD (ONE an)
>                                       (PP (P of)
>     				      (NP (D +te) (Q moni) (N+NS moder-bern)
>                                               (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                                       (C +tt)
>                                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                                               (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR swa) (Q muchel)))
>                                                               (VBD drohten)
>                                                               (PP (P for)
>     							      (NP (NPR drihtin)))))))))))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,56.22))

#### Non-wh phrase in Spec(CP)

It is possible for non-wh phrases to occupy Spec(CP). Since the specifier position is not explicitly indicated in our annotation system, such phrases simply appear within the CP in pre-C position. They are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace or with a resumptive (`-RSP`) phrase. For analogous cases in subordinate clauses that are introduced by a subordinating conjunction (`P`), see Movement to Spec(PP). Cases where an overt complementizer precedes the fronted element are treated as CP recursion.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>               (VBD said)
>               (CP-THT (ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
>                       (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
>                               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (MD will)
>                               (VB fix)
>                               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem))))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>               (VBD said)
>               (CP-THT (NP-LFD (D the) (N problem))
>                       (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (MD will)
>                               (VB fix)
>                               (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO it))
>                               (ADVP-TMP (ADV tomorrow))))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hie))
>     	  (VBP make+d)
>     	  (CP-THT (NP-LFD (D +danne) (N man)
>     			  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     				  (C +de)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-OB2 *T*-1)
>     					  (NP-SBJ (NPR godd))
>     					  (NP-OB1 (PRO his))
>     					  (VBD to-sant))))
>     		  (C +tat)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
>     			  (VBP +turwune+d)
>     			  (PP (P on)
>                                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N godnesse))))))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,149.1875))

>     ( (CP-ADV (CP-ADV (C +tt)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>                               (PP (P +turh)
>     			      (NP (PRO$ +ti) (N streng+de)))
>                               (MD mahe)
>                               (VB stonden)
>                               (PP (P wi+d)
>     			      (NP (PRO him)))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                      (CP-ADV (NP-LFD (PRO$ his) (ADJ muchele) (N ouergart))
>                              (C +tt)
>                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>                                      (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hit))
>                                      (MD mote)
>                                      (VB afeallen))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,70.251))

#### CP recursion

CP recursion is most common with THAT complements, but is also attested in other types of CP, notably in indirect questions and relative clauses.

The higher complementizer must be overt. Otherwise, the token is treated as an instance of movement of a non-wh phrase to Spec(CP), without recursive structure. As in that simpler case, the fronted constituent is either coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace or treated as left-dislocated (`-LFD`).

>     (CP-THT (C that)
>             (CP-THT (XP-1 ...)
>                     (C that / 0)
>                     (IP-SUB (XP *ICH*-1)
>                             ...)))

>     (CP-THT (C that)
>             (CP-THT (XP-LFD ...)
>                     (C that / 0)
>                     (IP-SUB ...
>                             (XP-RSP ...))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD said)
>     	  (CP-THT (C that)
>     		  (CP-THT (ADVP-1 (ADV tomorrow))
>     			  (C that / 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *ICH*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     				  (MD will)
>     				  (VB fix)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD said)
>               (CP-THT (C that)
>                       (CP-THT (NP-LFD (D the) (N problem))
>                               (C that / 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                       (MD will)
>                                       (VB fix)
>                                       (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO it))
>                                       (ADVP-TMP (ADV tomorrow)))))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sain) (NPR paul))
>               (VBP sais)
>               (CP-THT (C +tat)
>                       (CP-THT (NP-LFD (PRO +tai)
>                                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                               (C +tat)
>                                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                                       (DOP dos)
>                                                       (NP-OB1 (ADJ wicke) (NS dedis)))))
>                               (PUNC ,)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
>                                       (VBP giue)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO+N +tam-selffe))
>                                       (PP (P til)
>     				      (NP (D +te) (NPR deuil))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,21.735))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX tare))
>     	  (BEP be)
>     	  (NP-2 (Q lytil) (N entirual))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>     		  (CP-ADV (NP-LFD (D ta)
>     				  (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
>     					  (C +tat)
>     					  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>     						  (MD sal)
>     						  (VB ga)
>     						  (PP (P til)
>                                                           (NP (NS laburs))))))
>     			  (PUNC ,)
>     			  (C +tat)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO tay))
>     				  (MD may)
>     				  (HV haue)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N morning))
>     				  (PP (P in)
>                                           (NP (D +te) (N begining)
>     					  (PP (P of)
>                                                   (NP (D +te) (N lyth)))))
>     				  (PP (P to)
>                                           (NP (PRO$ +tair) (N labur)))))))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,15.546))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +Ta))
>               (VBD be+tohte)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>               (CP-THT (C +tet)
>                       (CP-THT (PP-1 (P gif)
>     				(LB |)
>     				(CP-ADV (C 0)
>     					(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     						(MD mihte)
>     						(BE ben)
>     						(ADJP-PRD (N+ADJ rotfest))
>     						(PP (P on)
>                                                         (NP (NPR Engleland))))))
>                               (C +tet)
>                               (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (MD mihte)
>                                       (HV habben)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (Q eal) (PRO$ his) (N wille)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMPETERB-M1,49.224))

>     ( (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
>     	  (VB considere)
>     	  (ALSO also)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ if)
>                           (CP-QUE-SUB (NP-LFD (D the) (N conseillung)
>     					  (PP (P of)
>                                                   (NP (PRO hem)
>     						  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     							  (C that)
>     							  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     								  (VBD conseilleden)
>     								  (NP-OB2 (PRO yow))
>     								  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     									  (VB taken)
>     									  (NP-OB1 (ADJ sodeyn)
>     										  (N vengeaunce))))))))
>     				  (PUNC ,)
>     				  (WQ wheither)
>     				  (C 0)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it))
>     					  (VBP accorde)
>     					  (PP (P to)
>                                                   (NP (N resoun)))))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,228.C2.447))

### Infinitival clause (`IP-INF`)

- Infinitival complement (`IP-INF`)
  - Extraposed infinitival complement
  - Extraction out of infinitive
  - ECM versus object control
- Infinitival subject (`IP-INF-SBJ`)
  - Infinitival subject in situ
  - Extraposed infinitival subject
- Infinitival adjunct (`IP-INF-ADT`)
- Degree infinitive
  - Degree infinitive without gap (`IP-INF-DEG`)
  - Degree infinitive with gap (see TOUGH movement complement)
- Purpose infinitive (`IP-INF-PRP`, `CP-EOP`)
  - Purpose infinitive without gap (`IP-INF-PRP`)
  - Purpose/relative infinitive with gap (`CP-EOP`)
- Wh- infinitive
  - Infinitival question
  - Infinitival relative
  - Infinitival free relative
  - TOUGH movement complement (`CP-TMC`)

Infinitives serve as the complements of verbs, nouns, adjectives, and prepositions. Very exceptionally, infinitives also occur as the complement of THAT. When the infinitive clause is an argument of a verb, there is no bracketing to indicate its relation to the governing predicate, given the absence of VP in our system in the general case. The same is true when the infinitive is a complement of a complex predicate. But infinitives that are complements of a noun, adjective, or preposition are bracketed together with the governing head.

Our annotation does not distinguish between raising and control, and subjects of infinitives are ordinarily not indicated, with the following exceptions:

- when the subject is extracted out of the clause
- in the complement of an ECM verb
- in a purpose/relative infinitive

#### Infinitival complement

#### Infinitival complement of verb

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therwithalle))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
>               (VBD assayed)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB pulle)
>                       (RP oute)
>                       (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.257))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (Q many) (D a) (N man))
>     	      (VBP wenyth)
>     	      (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		      (VB put)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N enemy))
>     		      (PP (P to)
>                               (NP (D a) (N rebuke))))
>     	      (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1693))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tei))
>     	  (BED weren)
>     	  (VAN warnede)
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		  (VB amenden)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (PRO$ here) (N lyf)))))
>       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,225.46))

#### Infinitival complement of noun

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD asked)
>               (NP-OB2 (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure))
>               (NP-OB1 (N licence)
>                       (IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                       (VB ryde)
>                                       (PP (P afftir)
>     				      (NP (NPR Balyne))))
>                               (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     				 (IP-INF (TO to)
>     					 (VB revenge)
>     					 (NP-OB1 (D the) (N despite)
>     						 (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     							 (C that)
>     							 (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     								 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     								 (HVD had)
>     								 (DON done))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1653))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     	  (HVP have)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N wyll)
>     		  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			  (BE be)
>     			  (VAN slayne)
>     			  (PUNC ,)
>     			  (PP (P as)
>                                   (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                                           (C 0)
>                                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO$ youre) (N fadir))
>                                                   (BED was)
>                                                   (PP (P thorow)
>     						  (NP (N outerageousnes)))
>                                                   (VAN slayne)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,658.4553))

#### Infinitival complement of adjective

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Marie))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (VBD ran)
>               (NEG not)
>               (ADVP-DIR (ADV hyder) (CONJ and)  (ADV +tyder))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ bisy)
>                         (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                 (VB vnderfonge)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (NS gystes))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,36.308))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)
>                         (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                 (VB departe))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1609))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>     	      (ADVP (ADV ellis))
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	      (MD wolde)
>     	      (HV have)
>     	      (BEN bene)
>     	      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ lothe)
>     			(PP (P as)
>                                 (NP (Q ony) (N knyght)
>     				(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     					(C that)
>     					(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     						(VBP lyvith)))))
>     			(IP-INF (FOR for)
>     				(TO to)
>     				(VB sle)
>     				(NP-OB1 (D a) (N lady))))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>     	      (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1701))

#### Infinitival complement of preposition

Infinitival complements of prepositions with overt subjects are consistently labeled `IP-INF` (rather than `IP-ABS` as in earlier releases of the PPCME2).

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB heare)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q any)
>     		  (N talke)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D+OTHER another) (N foole))
>     			      (TO to)
>     			      (BE be)
>     			      (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,11.116))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     	  (MD shall)
>     	  (VB hear)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>     	      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q some) (NS Stirs))
>     		      (TO to)
>     		      (BE be)
>     		      (VAN raised)
>     		      (PP (P in)
>     			  (NP (NPR Scotland)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID RALEIGH-1600-E2-H,I,213.C1.351))

>     ( (PP-LFD (P If)
>               (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NUM thre) (CONJ or) (NUM foure))
>     			  (DOP do)
>     			  (VB (VB talke) (PUNC ,) (VB deuise) (PUNC ,) (CONJ and) (VB conspire))
>     			  (ADVP (ADV togither))
>     			  (PP (P of)
>     			      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ trayterous) (N Acte))
>     				      (TO to)
>     				      (BE be)
>     				      (DAN done))))))
>       (ID THROCKM-1554-E1-H,I,73.C1.535))

#### Extraposed infinitival complement

Extraposed infinitival clauses are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace in the usual way.

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (N Suster))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (BEI be)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ glad)
>                         (IP-INF *ICH*-1))
>     	  (PP (P wit)
>                   (NP (Q al) (PRO$ +tyn) (N herte)))
>     	  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (BE be)
>                         (PP (P at)
>     			(NP (D +tis) (N feste))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,44.542))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ lothe)
>     			(IP-INF *ICH*-1))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (BED were)
>                   (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>     			(VB sle)
>     			(NP-OB1 (PRO the)))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3149))

#### Extraction out of infinitive

Extraction out of infinitives is treated in the usual way. Wh- movement out of an infinitive is indicated by a `*T*` trace that is coindexed with the moved constituent.

>     ( (IP-PPL (NEG not)
>     	  (VAG knowing)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
>       	 	      (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (TO to)
>     			      (VB amend)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N matter)))))
>       (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,10.77))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS heralds))
>     	  (HVD had)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D a)
>     		  (N quarter)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (PRO$ their) (N work)))
>     		  (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (DO do)))))
>       (ID ANHATTON-1693-E3-H,2,212.17))

A-movement (passivization) out of an infinitive is indicated by an (`NP-SBJ *`) trace coindexed with the moved NP.

>     ( (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO w=ch=))
>     	  (C 0)
>     	  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *T*-1)
>     		  (BED was)
>     		  (VAN reported)
>     		  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *-2)
>     			  (TO to)
>     			  (BE be)
>     			  (VAN killed))))
>       (ID RHADDSR-1673-E3-H,21.51))

Finally, A-bar movement other than wh- movement (topicalization, scrambling, etc.) out of an infinitive is indicated by an `*ICH*` trace that is coindexed with the moved constituent.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-1 (D that) (ADJ very) (N Chub))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP mean)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB put)
>     		  (PP (P into)
>     		      (NP (PRO$ your) (NS hands)))
>     		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV presently)))
>     	  (PUNC ;))
>       (ID WALTON-1676-E3-H,215.172))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Te@) (N @feont))
>     	  (NP-1 (PRO hit))
>     	  (VBD Makede)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
>     		  (NP-SBJ (PRO Me))
>     		  (DO don))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.224.3243))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ ach)
>     	  (NP-1 (D +tis) (N lont))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd))
>     	  (VBD bihat)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *ICH*-1)
>     		  (TO to@)
>     		  (VB @biteachen)
>     		  (PP (P in)
>                           (NP (NPR$ judas) (NS honden))))
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (PP (P for) (WPRO hwon)
>                   (CP-ADV (C +tt)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBP ga)
>                                   (ADVP-LOC (ADV biforen))))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.221.3208))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
>                   (NP-1 (PRO me))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                   (VBP makest)
>                   (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (VB steoruen))
>                   (PP (P wi+d)
>     		  (NP (D +te) (N streng+de)
>                           (PP (P of)
>     			  (NP (PRO$ +tine) (NS beoden)
>                                   (PUNC .)
>                                   (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
>                                           (C +te)
>                                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>                                                   (BEP beo+d)
>                                                   (ADJP-PRD (NP (PRO +te))
>     							(ADVR se) (ADJ munde))))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,74.301))

#### ECM versus object control

Inherent ECM verbs. The verbs on the following list (henceforth, "inherent ECM verbs") are always treated as taking an ECM complement (that is, a clausal complement with a subject position). The conventions for BID are discussed in the dedicated entry for that word.

> DO, GAR, HAVE, HEAR, HOT(AN), LET, MAKE, SEE

Here, we focus on `IP-INF` complements; analogous cases where the clause is headed by a present participle (`VAG`, etc.) rather than an infinitive (`VB`, etc.) are discussed under Participial clause (`IP-PPL`).

The inherent ECM verbs are the verbs that (in Middle English) allow an arbitrary empty subject with an active complement infinitive where Modern English would use a passive infinitive (I HEAR SAY vs. I HEAR IT SAID). The infinitival complements of such verbs in the active always contain a subject position in the annotation, filled either by an ordinary overt subject, by (`NP-SBJ *arb*`) (as in the examples below) or by the trace of A-movement (when the matrix verb is in the passive).

| DO undergoes a change in the history of English from causative to periphrastic, and so the default treatment of ambiguous cases differs in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (DOD dud)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB wryte)
>                       (NP-OB1 (Q all) (D the) (NS batayles)
>                               (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                       (C that)
>                                       (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                               (NP-SBJ (Q every) (ADJ worthy) (N knyght)
>                                                       (PP *ICH*-2))
>                                               (DOD ded)
>                                               (PP-2 (P of)
>     						(NP (NPR$ Arthurs) (N courte)))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,29.935))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Then))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Seynt) (NPR Andraw))
>               (VBD made)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (TO to)
>                       (VB gedyr)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hom))
>                       (ADVP (ADV togedyr)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,8.197))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (NPR Kyng) (NPR Pandras))
>               (VBD herde)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB speke)
>                       (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (NP (PRO$ his) (N goodnesse))
>                               (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     				 (NP (PRO$ his) (NS condicions))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,6.137))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD het)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV biliue))
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB bringin)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hire))
>                       (PP (P biforen)
>     		      (NP (PRO him))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,58.56))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBP lette)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB calle)
>                       (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                               (NP-PRD (NPR Hubbeslaw))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,109.3314))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Efter)
>     	      (NP (D +tt)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD wende)
>               (IP-INF (FOR for@)
>                       (TO @te)
>                       (HV habben)
>                       (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                               (DO idon)
>                               (NP-OB1 (Q al)
>                                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                               (C +tt)
>                                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                                       (VBD wilnede))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMJULIA-M1,98.41))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>               (MD schule)
>               (VB seon)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB buncin)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>                       (PP (P wi+d)
>     		      (NP (NP-POS (D +teose) (NPR$ deosles))
>                               (NS betles)))
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (CP-ADV (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N wa)
>                                               (NP-COM *ICH*-1))
>                                       (BEP bi+d)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>                                       (NP-1 (PRO$ hise) (N$ liues))))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.142.1915))

Inherent ECM verbs overwhelmingly take bare infinitive complements, but there are scattered examples with TO infinitive complements for most of them.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q nane)
>                       (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D +teos))))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (VBP makie)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (TO to)
>                       (VB forwurden)
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (NP-OB1 (N weole))
>                       (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter)
>                                 (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>                                         (C ase)
>                                         (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>                                                 (NP-SBJ (Q muchel))
>                                                 (BEP is))))))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,150.319))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (N Pine))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADVP-LOC (Q+WADV ihwer))
>               (DAN idon)
>               (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-1)
>                       (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (TO to)
>                       (VB vnder_stonden)
>                       (PP (P +turch)
>     		      (NP (N cros))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,41.362))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD lete)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
>                       (TO to)
>                       (VB norisshe))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,49.1472))

Non-inherent ECM versus object control. Verbs other than inherent ECM verbs are treated as object control verbs or as ECM licensers depending on the syntactic context. The following list of such verbs is intended to be representative, not exhaustive.

>     account, accuse, acknowledge, adjudge, affirm, allow, annal, appoint, approve, assert,
>     behold, believe, bid (with a TO infinitive), boast, bring,
>     cause, choose, command, compute, conceive, conclude, confess,
>     conjecture, consider, count,
>     declare, deem (nonlegal; see below for legal sense), denominate, deny, design,
>     desire, determine, discern, discover, doubt,
>     enable, espy, esteem, evince,
>     fable, fancy, fear, feel, feign, find, forbid, form,
>     get, grant, guess,
>     hold,
>     imagine, intend, interpret,
>     judge (nonlegal; see below for legal sense),
>     keep, know,
>     leave,
>     manifest, mean,
>     note, number,
>     observe, order, own,
>     perceive, prefer, pretend, procure, profess, pronounce, prove, provoke, publish,
>     reckon, relate, remember, render, report, represent, repute,
>     say, shape, show, spy, suffer, suppose, suspect, swear,
>     take, think, threaten,
>     understand,
>     view, vote,
>     want, warrant, will, wish

Verbs that are not inherent ECM verbs are treated as licensing an ECM complement if:

- the postverbal noun phrase is an expletive expression (IT, weather IT, THERE, idiom chunk)
- the postverbal noun phrase refers to an inanimate (or at least nonhuman) entity
- the complement infinitive is a copular verb
- the complement is in the passive voice

Otherwise, such verbs are treated as object control verbs. In their legal senses, CONDEMN, DEEM, and JUDGE are always treated as control predicates. Their negative force seems to require this analysis.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR John))
>               (VBD persuaded)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N brother))
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  	  (VB accompany)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

The above guidelines undoubtedly misclassify some cases but have the virtue of being applicable in a reasonably objective way. As is well known, the ECM construction with verbs other than inherent ECM verbs rises sharply in the transition from Middle English to Modern English. Users interested in this development and, more generally, in the distinction between ECM and object control will need to examine the relevant sentences in detail for themselves.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     	  (VBP bryng)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))			← expletive subject
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB passe)
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>     		            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N yomanry))
>     				    (BEP be)
>     				    (NEG not)
>     				    (ADJP-PRD (ADJ able)
>     				              (IP-INF (TO to)
>     					              (VB put)
>     						      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS sonnes))
>     						      (PP (P to)
>     						          (NP (N schole)))))))))
>     xx(LATIMER,41L.212))

>     ( (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-2 (WADV where))
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     		      (VBP will)
>     		      (IP-INF (ADVP-LOC *T*-2)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO$ your)		← nonhuman subject
>     			              (NS horses))
>     			      (TO to)
>     			      (VB come)
>     			      (PP (P to)
>     				  (NP (PRO you)))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID APLUMPT-1503-E1-H,184.83))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N President))
>     	  (VBD commanded)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his)				← nonhuman subject
>      		          (ADJ own)
>     			  (N Baloon)
>     			  (NP-PRN (D a)
>     			          (N Barge)
>     				  (PP (P of)
>      				      (NP (N State)))
>     				  (PUNC ,)
>     				  (PP (P of)
>     				      (NP (NUM Two_and_twenty)
>     					  (NS Oars)))))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB attend)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))
>       (ID FRYER-1677-E3-H,I,183.7))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     	  (VBD commanded)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE bene)
>     		  (ADVP (ADV wor+tely))
>     		  (VAN seruede))			← passive verb
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,82.2486))

>     ( (IP-PPL (VAG desyryng)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N werk)
>     			  (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (NPR God))))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE be)
>     		  (VAN magnyfyed)))			← passive verb
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,22.462))

>     ( (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBD thretyd)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hir))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE be)
>     		  (VAN brent)))				← passive verb
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,33.731))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (PP (P whan)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (VBD com)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>     				  (NP (NPR Benwyke))))))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     	  (VBD fortuned)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q both) (D the) (NS kynges)
>     			  (NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
>     		  (BE be)				← copula
>     		  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (NP-1 (NPR Ban) (CONJ and) (NPR Bors)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.476))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ALSO Also)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NS men)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Gabaon))))
>     	  (VBD feyneden)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE be)				← copula
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (ADJ fer) (N cuntre))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,9.302))

#### Infinitival subject

In addition to serving as complements, infinitives can also act as subjects, either in situ or extraposed.

#### Infinitival subject in situ

Infinitive subject clauses in situ are labeled `IP-INF-SBJ`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (VB Makie)
>                           (NP-OB1 (NPR$ deofles) (N hore))
>                           (PP (P of)
>     			  (NP (PRO hire))))
>     	  (PUNC :)
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-PRD (N reu+de)
>     		  (PP (P ouer)
>                           (NP (N reu+de))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.215.3096))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-INF-SBJ (TO to)
>                           (VB love)
>                           (NP-OB1 (NPR God)))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (IP-INF (IP-INF (FOR for)
>     			  (TO to)
>     			  (VB love)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>     					  (C that)
>     					  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     						  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     						  (VBP loveth)))))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (IP-INF (FOR *)
>     				 (TO *)
>     				 (VB hate)
>     				 (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-2 0)
>     						 (C that)
>     						 (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>     							 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     							 (VBP hateth)))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,296.C1a.332))

>     ( (IP-SUB (ADVP (ADV certes))
>               (IP-INF-SBJ (FOR for)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (VB persevere)
>                           (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
>                           (PP (P in)
>                               (NP (N synne))))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (N werk)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (NPR devel)))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,226.C1.345))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>     	  (ADVP (ADV certes))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-INF-SBJ (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
>                           (TO to)
>                           (VB pride)
>                           (NP-RFL (PRO hym))
>                           (PP (P in)
>     			  (NP (D the) (NS goodes)
>                                   (PP (P of)
>     				  (NP (N grace))))))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ALSO eek)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D an) (ADJ outrageous) (N folie))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,302.C2.567))

#### Extraposed infinitival subject

When an infinitival subject is extraposed, it is coindexed with an expletive subject, either overt IT or its empty counterpart `(NP-SBJ *exp*)`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (VBP lye)
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (PRO$ my) (N power)))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB gyff)
>                         (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1600))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (MD woll)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ harde))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB macche)
>                         (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,201.3181))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P hwenne)
>     		  (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>     					  (HVP hauest)
>     					  (NP-MSR (ADJ longe))
>     					  (VBN iwaked))
>     				  (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     					 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     						 (MD schuldest)
>     						 (VB gan)
>     						 (IP-INF-PRP (TO to@)
>                                                                  (VB @slepen)))))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (ADVP-TMP (ADV Nu))
>                   (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ god))
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			  (VBP sei+d))
>                   (IP-INF-1 (VB wakien)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.197.2820))

The same treatment extends to impersonal verbs.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-VOC (N Sir))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>                   (VBP nedith)
>                   (NEG nat)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>                   (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                             (VB put)
>                             (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>                             (PP (P to)
>                                 (NP (QP (Q no) (QR more))
>                                     (N payne)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,47.1541))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>     	  (VBD semed)
>     	  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (BE be)
>                         (PP (P of)
>     			(NP (D the) (N ayge)
>                                 (PP (P of)
>     				(NP (NUM three_hondred) (NS wynter))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4629))

#### Infinitival adjunct (`IP-INF-ADT`)

Infinitival adjuncts other than purpose clauses (`IP-INF-PRP`) are labeled `IP-INF-ADT`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     	  (VBP think)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ long))
>     		  (IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
>                                   (VB hear)
>                                   (PP (P from)
>     				  (NP (PRO me)))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     	  (DOD did)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV well))
>     	  (IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
>                           (VB lock)
>                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (N door)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>     	      (BEP arte)
>     	      (NP-PRD (D a) (N foole))
>     	      (IP-INF-ADT-SPE (TO to)
>     			      (VB take)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (N thought)
>     				      (PP (P for)
>     				          (NP (PRO hit))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,34.1087))

#### Degree infinitive

#### Degree infinitive without gap (`IP-INF-DEG`)

See Background for degree and comparative constructions for terminology and concepts.

Degree infinitives without a gap are labeled `IP-INF-DEG`. Like their finite counterparts, degree infinitives attach in the lowest position available to them in the overt syntax. They must be licensed by a degree head (ENOUGH, TOO) directly (not via intervening AS).

>     ( (NP (ADJR enough)
>           (N food)
>           (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
>     		  (VB last)
>     		  (NP-MSR (D a) (N month)))))

>     ( (NP (N food)
>           (ADJP (ADJR enough)
>                 (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
>     			(VB last)
>     			(NP-MSR (D a) (N month))))))

>     ( (NP (ADJR enough)
>           (N food)
>           (PP (P as)
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)                            ← no -DEG
>     		  (VB last)
>     		  (NP-MSR (D a) (N month))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P For)
>     		  (NP (N payne)
>                           (PP (P of)
>     			  (NP (N deth)))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO we)
>                           (QP (Q all)))
>                   (MD shall)
>                   (HV have)
>                   (NP-OB1 (N worke)
>                           (ADJP (ADJR inow)
>                                 (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
>     					(VB macche)
>     					(NP-OB1 (D that) (N knyght)))))
>                   (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3119))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (NEG n@)
>               (BED @ass)
>               (NEG nohht)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ derrf)
>                         (ADVP (ADVR inoh)
>                               (LB |)
>                               (LB |)
>                               (IP-INF-DEG (ADVP (Q All) (ADV opennli+g))
>                                           (TO to)
>                                           (VB sekenn)
>                                           (LB |)
>                                           (LB |)
>                                           (NP-OB1 (D +Te) (NPR Laferrd) (NPR Crist))
>                                           (PP (P biforr)
>                                               (NP (D +te) (N follc)))
>                                           (PUNC ,)
>                                           (LB |)
>                                           (LB |)
>                                           (IP-INF-PRP (TO To)
>                                                       (VB (VB lofenn)
>                                                           (CONJP *ICH*-2))
>                                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO himm))
>                                                       (CONJP-2 (CONJ &)
>                                                                (VB wurr+tenn)))))))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,II,230.2451))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
>                         (ADJ merciable)
>                         (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
>                                     (VB for+gyue)
>                                     (NP-OB2 (D a) (ADJ synful) (N man))
>                                     (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS synnes)))))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.513))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so)
>                         (ADJ hardy)
>                         (IP-INF-DEG (FOR for-@)
>                                     (TO @to)
>                                     (VB nempne)
>                                     (NP-OB1 (NPR God)))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,45.1370))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                   (BEP ys)
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADVR to)
>     			(ADJ stronge)
>     			(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)
>                                         (VB fyght)
>                                         (PP (P with)
>     					(NP (NPR Jamys) (NPR Fyscher)
>                                                 (NP-PRN (D the) (ADJ trewe) (N man))))
>                                         (PP (P whythe)
>     					(NP (D an)
>                                                 (N yryn)
>                                                 (N$ rammys))
>                                             (N horne))))
>     	      (PUNC .)
>     	      (PUNC "))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,201.1652))

#### Degree infinitive with gap

Degree infinitives with a gap are treated as instances of TOUGH movement (`CP-TMC`).

#### Purpose infinitive (`IP-INF-PRP`, `CP-EOP`)

#### Purpose infinitive without gap (`IP-INF-PRP`)

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (PP (ADV+P therfor))
>     	  (NP-TMP (D that) (N nyghte))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     	  (VBD yssued)
>     	  (PP (RP oute)
>                   (P of)
>                   (NP (D the) (N castel)))
>     	  (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (D a) (N posterne)))
>     	  (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (HV have)
>                           (VBN distressid)
>                           (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D the) (N$ kynges))
>                                   (N hooste)))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.89))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (Q all) (D this))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (VAN ordeyned)
>     	  (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (VB kepe)
>                           (NP-OB1 (NP (D the) (NS lordes))
>                                   (CONJP *ICH*-1))
>                           (ADVP (ADV togyders))
>                           (CONJP-1 (CONJ and)
>                                    (NP (D the) (NS comyns))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.208))

#### Purpose/relative infinitive with gap (`CP-EOP`)

Purpose clauses are often difficult or impossible to distinguish from infinitival relatives without initial wh- phrases, and we have not attempted to distinguish the two. By definition, these clauses contain a gap, but are not introduced by an overt wh- phrase. Purpose infinitives without a gap are discussed separately, as are infinitival relatives with overt wh- phrases.

Purpose/relative infinitive clauses with gaps are labeled `CP-EOP` (`EOP` = empty operator) and are contained within the brackets of their potential antecedent. Like other clauses with gaps, they contain a wh- operator (empty by definition in the case at hand) coindexed with a trace. Both subject and object gaps are indicated.

>     ( (NP (Q+N somebody)
>           (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>                   (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (VB repair)
>                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (N drain))))))

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (N problem)
>           (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>                   (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                           (TO to)
>                           (DO solve)))))

>     ( (NP (Q+N nothing)
>           (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)
>                           (VB work)
>                           (PP (P with)
>     			  (NP *T*-1))))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Give)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q+N something)
>     		  (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (VB drink))))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Give)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)        ← not CP-FRL because of IP-INF
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (VB drink))))))

#### Wh- infinitive

As just discussed, CP-EOPs are introduced by silent wh- phrases. In addition, there are several types of infinitives that are introduced by overt wh- phrases. They all share the same structure, with a wh- phrase coindexed with its trace in the usual way. When they have finite counterparts, as they often do, they share the same label:

- Infinitival questions (`CP-QUE-SUB`) are generally complements of a verb, just like finite indirect questions.
- Infinitival relatives (`CP-REL`) are contained within the NP brackets of their antecedent, just like finite relative clauses.
- Infinitival free relatives (`CP-FRL`) are contained within NP brackets without a preceding antecedent, just like finite free relative clauses.
- TOUGH movement complements (`CP-TMC`) have no finite counterparts.

#### Infinitival question

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO i))
>               (MD do@)
>     	  (NEG @n't)
>               (VB know)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>                           (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                   (TO to)
>                                   (VB say)))))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (NEG n@)
>               (VBD @yst)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV whider))
>                           (IP-INF (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
>                                   (TO to)
>                                   (VB wende))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,50.1485))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D this) (N ensample)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR saturne))))
>     	  (VBP techith)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
>                           (IP-INF (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (TO to)
>                                   (VB maken)
>                                   (PP (P in)
>     				  (NP (D the) (N label)))
>                                   (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS semydiametres)
>                                           (PP (P of)
>     					  (NP (NS Epicicles)
>                                                   (PP (P of)
>     						  (NP (Q alle) (D the) (NS planetis))))))))
>     	  (PUNC /))
>       (ID CMEQUATO-M3,26.117))

#### Infinitival relative

Infinitival relatives introduced by an overt wh-phrase are labeled as `CP-REL`. Ones that are not so introduced are treated like purpose infinitives with a gap (`CP-EOP`).

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBD saide)
>     	  (CP-THT (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			  (NEG n@)
>     			  (HVD @ade)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (QP (Q no) (QR more))
>     				  (N lande)
>     				  (CP-REL (WPP-1 (WADV+P wherwi+t))
>     					  (IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
>     						  (NP-OB1 (PRO her))
>     						  (FOR for@)
>     						  (TO @to)
>     						  (VB marie))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,17.516))

#### Infinitival free relative

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO +tey))
>     	  (MD wolde)
>     	  (HV haue)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (FOR for-@)
>     				  (TO @to)
>     				  (VB +gyue))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,39.379))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PP (ADV+P +teruore))
>                   (NP-VOC (NPR lhord))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>                   (NEG ne)
>                   (HVP habbe)
>                   (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WPP-1 (WADV+P huer-of))
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-INF (PP *T*-1)
>                                           (VB maki)
>                                           (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>                                           (NP-OB1 (N yeldinge)))))
>                   (PUNC :))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,115.2222))

#### TOUGH movement complement (`CP-TMC`)

TOUGH movement complements (JOHN IS EASY TO PLEASE) are labeled `CP-TMC` and always contain an empty operator coindexed to a trace. The following list is intended to be representative, and not necessarily exhaustive; comparatives, superlatives, and antonyms of these adjectives are also possible licensers. Some items on the list (for instance, POSSIBLE) no longer license CP-TMC complements in present-day English. Rare licensers are enclosed in parentheses.

>     (assured,)
>     comfortable, convenient, costly,
>     decent, delectable, difficult, dreadful,
>     easy, enough (whether ADJ or ADV), (even,) excellent, expedient,
>     facile, fair (= beautiful), fit, (foul,)
>     good,
>     hard,
>     important, irksome,
>     lawful, loathsome, long,
>     marvel(lous), meet, monstrous,
>     (near,) necessary, nice, noyful,
>     pertinent, pity, pleasant, possible, profitable,
>     ready, ridiculous, right, rough,
>     safe, (sharp,) simple, (slippery,) sufficient, sweet,
>     tedious, terrible, too + ADJ/ADV, troublesome,
>     wonderful

Note the structural ambiguity in the following examples.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It))			← referential IT ("to read it is easy")
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy)
>     		    (CP-TMC (WNP-1 (WPRO 0))
>     			    (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				    (TO to)
>     			      	    (VB read))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO It))			← expletive IT ("to read is easy")
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy))
>     	  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>     	 	    (VB read)))
>     xx(PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+ADJ thilke) (N love))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADJP-PRD (QP (D the) (QR moore))
>     		    (ADJ grevous)
>     		    (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>     			    (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				    (TO to)
>     				    (VB parfourne)))))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,304.C2.683))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and) (ALSO eek)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D the) (N wounde))
>     	  (MD wolde)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (D the) (ADJR wors)
>                         (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>                                 (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                         (FOR for)
>                                         (TO to)
>                                         (VB heele))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,324.C1.1554))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADJR +tickere)
>     			  (PP (P a+gein)
>                                   (NP (D +te) (N wind))))
>                         (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     			   (ADJP (ADJR wurse)
>     				 (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>     					 (IP-INF (TO to)
>     						 (VB seon)
>     						 (PP (P +turch)
>                                                          (NP *T*-1))))))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.365))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N thoghte))
>     	  (BEP es)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gude)
>                         (CP-TMC *ICH*-2))
>     	  (NP-TMP (Q+N sumtyme))
>     	  (CP-TMC-2 (WNP-1 0)
>                         (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                 (FOR for)
>                                 (TO to)
>                                 (HV hafe)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMROLLTR-M24,37.773))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (Q muche) (N pine)		← noun
>                       (CP-TMC (WNP-2 0)
>                               (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                       (ADVP (ADV wel))
>                                       (FOR for)
>                                       (TO to)
>                                       (VB halden)))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.41.361))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ant)
>     	  (PP (P +tah)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hare) (N mei+dhad))
>                                   (BEP beo)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJR ed-ure))
>                                   (ADVP-TMP (ADV nu+de)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +tin))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-PRD (QP (D +te) (QR mare))
>     		  (N streng+de)				← noun
>     		  (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (VB halden))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,136.115))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (NP-PRD (N rewth)				← noun
>     		  (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (TO to)
>     				  (VB here)))))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,100.2724))

Passive infinitival complements of TOUGH movement licensers (which are no longer grammatical in modern English) are annotated as bare `IP-INF`. They must be retrieved with reference to the licensing adjective.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N book))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ easy)
>                         (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		   	    (BE be)
>     			    (VAN read)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

The motivation for this perhaps unhelpful-seeming convention comes from examples like the following, which would end up having two wh- movement traces if the lower `IP-INF` were immediately dominated by `CP-TMC`.

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB know)
>      	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WPP-4 (P to)
>     			     (WNP (WD what)
>     				  (N point)
>     				  (PP (P of)
>     				      (NP (N greatnesse)))))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
>     			      (BED were)
>     			      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fit)
>     					(IP-INF (PP *T*-4)
>     					    	(TO to)
>     						(BE bee)
>     						(VAN advanced)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID HAYWARD-1612-E2-H,8.63))

Clauses of the type SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON are also treated as instances of TOUGH movement, even though the proper analysis structure must be somewhat different, since the matrix subject in these cases occupies a thematic position (in SHE IS FAIR TO LOOK ON, SHE is FAIR, but in JOHN IS EASY TO PLEASE, JOHN is not EASY).

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ faire) (ADVR ynow)
>                         (CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
>                                 (IP-INF (PP (P oppon)
>     					(NP *T*-1))
>                                         (TO to)
>                                         (VB see)))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,114.3453))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ac)
>     	  (NP-PRD (ADJ lang)
>     		  (N +ting)
>     		  (CP-TMC *ICH*-1))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (CP-TMC-1 (WNP-2 0)
>                         (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                 (TO to)
>                                 (VB zigge)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,44.735))

### Participial clause (`IP-PPL`)

- Participial clause without subject
- Participial clause with subject
  - Participial clause with subject as subject itself
  - Participial clause with subject as complement of V
  - Participial clause with subject as complement of P
- Absolute participial clause (see Absolute clause)

Participial clauses (`IP-PPL`) are not always easy to distinguish from reduced relatives (`RRC`) headed by participles (see here for some discussion). In searches for one category, it is wise to include the other.

Participial clauses without overt subjects are labeled `IP-PPL`. As usual, the understood subject (PRO), which is generally coreferential with the matrix subject, is not indicated. In earlier releases of the PPCME2, `IP-PPL` lacked an overt subject by definition. The changing grammar of English makes it impractical to continue this requirement, however, and IP-PPLs are now allowed to contain overt subjects. See Participial clause with subject for discussion and examples.

In deciding between the alternative structures below, we follow the same criteria as in deciding between ECM and object control.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (VBP remember)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS parents))
>     	  (IP-PPL (VAG cooking)			← without subject
>     		  (NP-OB1 (N dinner)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (VBP remember)
>     	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))	← with subject because of expletive subject
>                           (BAG being)
>                           (NP-1 (D a) (N fire)))))

#### Participial clause without subject

Function in matrix | Example | PPCME2 | Later corpora
--- | --- | --- | ---
Subject | Reading books is a pleasure. | IP-PPL-SBJ
Complement of verb | They don't mind creating exams. | IP-PPL | IP-PPL-OB1
Complement of copula | The worst part is grading them. | IP-PPL-PRD
Complement of preposition | the idea of doing the dishes | IP-PPL
Adjunct | Turning the page, she began to read. Overcome by remorse, he gave up the throne.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG loseing)			← subject
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N way)))
>     	  (VBD made)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     		  (NP-PRD (NUM 12) (N mile)))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID FIENNES-1698-E3-H,153.309))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (VAG comming)			← subject
>     		      (NP-DIR (N home))
>     		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV late)))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D the)
>     		  (N cause)
>     		  (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>     			  (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my)
>     					  (N oncle)
>     					  (NP-PRN (NPR Anthony) (NPR Gavdy)))
>     				  (VBD fayled)
>     				  (PP (P of)
>     				      (NP (D a) (N letter))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID GAWDY-1588-E2-H,26.40))

>     ( (CP-REL (WPP-2 (WADV+P whereof))
>     	  (C 0)
>     	  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the)
>     			  (ADJ first)
>     			  (PP *T*-2))
>     		  (BEP is)
>     		  (IP-PPL-PRD (VAG (VAG imagining) (CONJ and) (VAG conspiring))	← complement of BE
>     			      (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     				      (N Deprivation)
>     				      (PUNC ,)
>     				      (CONJP (NX (N Death)))
>     				      (PUNC ,)
>     				      (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     					     (NX (N Destruction)))
>     				      (PP (P of)
>     					  (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N$ Queen's))
>     					      (N Majesty))))))
>     	  (PUNC :))
>       (ID THOWARD2-1571-E2-P2,101.123))

>     ( (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-2)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV ryght) (ADV so))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     	  (MD shall)
>     	  (VB com)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV agayne))
>     	  (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (PRO me)))
>     	  (PP (P withoute)
>                   (IP-PPL (VAG makynge)			← complement of P
>                           (NP-OB1 (QP (Q ony) (QR more))
>                                   (N debate)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,37.1184))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     	  (VBD wente)
>     	  (PP (P into)
>                   (NP (D the) (N watir)))
>     	  (IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG cryynge))		← adjunct
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (IP-PPL (VAG rorynge)))
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (IP-PPL (VAG makying)
>     				 (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorowe)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,664.4752))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D the) (N lyon))
>     	  (VBD wente)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV allwey))
>     	  (PP (P aboute)
>                   (NP (PRO hym)))
>     	  (IP-PPL (VAG fawnynge)			← adjunct
>     		  (PP (P as)
>                           (NP (D a) (N spaynell))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,664.4776))

#### Participial clause with subject

Participial clauses with subjects are vanishingly rare in Middle English, but become more frequent over time. Case marking on the subjects of participial clauses is nominative or accusative; participial constructions with genitive or possessive subjects are treated as mixed gerunds. By default, the morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative rather than than possessive.

We distinguish the following subtypes. Note that in this case, only participial clauses headed by active participles (`BAG`, `DAG`, `HAG`, `VAG`) are labeled `IP-PPL`. Participial clauses with subjects that are headed by passive participles are treated as small clauses (`IP-SMC`) or as absolute clauses (`IP-ABS`).

Function in matrix | Example | Annotation
--- | --- | ---
Subject | Him graduating is a big relief. | IP-PPL-SBJ
Complement of verb | They remember there being a fire. | IP-PPL-OB1
Complement of preposition | a nightmare of there being a fire | IP-PPL
Adjunct (= absolute) | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-PPL-ABS

#### Participial clause with subject as subject itself

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
>     	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (N grasse))
>     		      (VAG beginning)
>     		      (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			      (VB spring)
>     			      (PP (P to)
>     				  (NP (PRO$ its) (ADJ perfect) (N goodnesse)))))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB occasion)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     		  (ADJS greatest)
>     		  (N increase)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (N milke)))
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (MD may)
>     				  (BE be))))
>     	  (PUNC :))
>       (ID MARKHAM-1615-E2-H,2,107.180))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV really))
>     	  (IP-PPL-SBJ (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (N Father))
>     		      (BAG being)
>     		      (ADVP (ADVR soe))
>     		      (PP (RP out)
>     			  (P of)
>     			  (NP (N humer))))
>     	  (VBD put)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE be)
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADV strangly) (ADJ forgetfull)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID EOXINDEN-1658-E3-P1,224.18))

#### Participial clause with subject as complement of V (including copula)

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV perhaps))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D the)
>     		  (ADJ very)
>     		  (N essence)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D the)
>     			  (CODE <font>)
>     			  (LATIN (FW Plica) (FW Polonica)))))
>     	  (CODE <$$font>)
>     	  (MD may)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (IP-PPL-PRD (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS hairs))
>     		      (VAG growing)
>     		      (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (ADJ hollow))
>     			        (PUNC ,)
>     			        (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     				       (PP (P of)
>     				           (NP (D an) (ADJ unnatural) (N constitution))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-P2,158.39))

#### Participial clause with subject as complement of P

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBP beseech)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     	  (IP-INF (NEG not)
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB impute)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>     		  (PP (P to)
>     		      (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ sweet) (NS Deares))
>     			      (VAG hindering)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID EOXINDEN-1665-E3-H,309.15))

>     ( (NP (ADJ Greate)
>           (NS preparations)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (Q all)
>     	      (D the)
>     	      (NS Princes)
>     	      (PP (P of)
>     		  (NP (NPR Europ)))))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (PP (P against)
>     	  (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (ADJ French))
>     			  (CONJP (FW &c:)
>     				 (NP (D the) (N Emp:))))
>     		  (VAG making)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (N peace)
>     			  (PP (P with)
>     			      (NP (D the) (NPR Turke))))))
>           (PUNC :))
>       (ID EVELYN-1689-E3-H,896.16))

>     ( (PP (P by)
>           (NP (N constraynt)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>     	      (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NPR Rycharde))
>     		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
>     		      (BAG beynge)
>     		      (NP-PRD (N Kynge))))))
>       (ID FABYAN-1516-E1-H,567.51))

### Small clause (`IP-SMC`)

See also the sections on secondary predicates (`ADJP-SPR`, `NP-SPR`).

Small clauses are instances of predication where the predicate is a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or passive participle. In general, other nonverbal categories are not allowed as small clause predicates, but systematic exceptions occur in connection with small clause complements of P. Clauses headed by active participles are treated as participial clauses (`IP-PPL`).

In addition to serving as complements of verbs or prepositions, small clauses can also occur in absolute construction (without a governing verb or preposition); see Absolute clause (`IP-ABS`).

Type | Example | Annotation
--- | --- | ---
Complement of verb | We consider the project done. | IP-SMC
Complement of preposition | With the project done, we can leave.
Absolute | The project completed, the workers left. | IP-ABS

We treat the following verbs as taking small clause complements; the list is intended to be representative rather than exhaustive and should be compared with the list of verbs that we treat as taking secondary predicates.

>     acknowledge, account, adjudge, affirm, allow, approve, argue,
>     believe, bethink, bid,
>     call, cause, conceive, conclude, confess, confirm, consider,
>     constitute, continue, count, create,
>     declare, deem, denominate, deny, design, determine, disclose,
>     discover, do, doubt, dub,
>     espy, efform, esteem, expect, express,
>     fancy, feel, feign, find, foresee, form,
>     get, grant, guess,
>     have, hear, hold, hope,
>     imagine, imply, intend,
>     judge,
>     know,
>     learn, let,
>     make, mean,
>     note, number,
>     observe, own, oversee,
>     perceive, phrase, presume, pretend, proclaim, profess, pronounce,
>     protest, prove,
>     reckon, relate, remember, render, report, repute,
>     say, see, show, speak, spy, style, suppose, suspect,
>     term, think, title, trust, turn,
>     understand,
>     value,
>     warrant, wish, write, wyst,
>     yield

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (PP (ADV+P therewith))
>     	  (VBD made)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)
>                                 (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                         (VB departe))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1587))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD saw)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM two) (NS bodyes))
>                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ dede))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,53.1774))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>                   (VBP wenyth)
>                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N knyght))
>                           (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ good)
>     				(PP (P as)
>                                         (NP (PRO he)))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,199.3099))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (CONJ but)
>                   (PP (P with)
>     		  (NP (N falshede)))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                   (MD wolde)
>                   (HV have)
>                   (HVN had)
>                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
>                           (VAN slayne)
>                           (PP (P with)
>     			  (NP (N treson))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,206.3395))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBD founde)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     		  (VAN coverde)
>     		  (ADVP-LOC (ADV within) (CONJ and) (ADV without))
>     		  (PP (P with)
>                           (NP (ADJ whyght) (N samyte))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,666.4822))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ For)
>                   (NP-SBJ (Q som) (NS men))
>                   (VBD called)
>                   (NP-1 (PRO me))
>                   (NP-TMP (Q+N somtyme))
>                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
>                           (NP-PRD (D the) (N Quene)
>                                   (PP (P of)
>     				  (NP (D the) (NPR Wast) (NPR Landis)))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,658.4557))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (MD myghte)
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB make)
>                         (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
>                                 (NP-PRD (PRO$ his) (N quene)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.108))

Empty subjects of small clauses are indicated in the usual way. Extracted subjects are coindexed with a trace in the small clause. In some constructions (notably, reduced relative clauses), where our annotation system does not indicate movement, an empty subject is added that is not a trace.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ-1 (D the) (N duke))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (VAN called)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
>     		  (NP-PRD (D the)
>     			  (N duke)
>     			  (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (NPR Tyntagil)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.7))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ-1 (NPR syr) (NPR Kay))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (VAN made)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
>     		  (NP-PRD (N knyght)))
>     	  (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (NPR Alhalowmas)
>     		  (ADVP-TMP (ADV afore))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.213))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q ony))
>               (MD sholde)
>               (BE be)
>               (VAN accompted)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
>                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ hardy))
>                                 (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                        (ADJP (ADJR more)
>                                              (PP (P of)
>                                                  (NP (N prouesse))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1652))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N city)
>           (RRC (VAN called)
>                (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>                        (NP-PRD (NPR Gerona))))))

#### Small clause as complement of P

Small clauses can serve as complements of prepositions (notably WITH).

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (ONE one) (N Hand))
>                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ idle))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N Pocket)))))
>       (ID FARQUHAR-1707-E3-H,5.175))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (N letter))
>     	      (VAN engraven)
>                   (PP (P upon)
>                       (NP (Q each)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (PRO them)))))))
>       (ID HOOLE-1660-E3-H,7.47))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (ADJ humble) (N duty))
>     	      (VAN remembred)))
>       (ID JBARRING-1629-E2-H,79.36))

>     ( (PP (P After)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM three) (NS Concordances))
>     	      (VAN learned)))
>       (ID ASCH-1566-E1-H,1V.17))

>     ( (PP (P after)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ my) (NS thankes))
>      	      (VAN giuen)
>                   (PP (P to)
>                       (NP (NPR Sir) (NPR George) (NPR Bruce)))))
>       (ID JOTAYLOR-1630-E2-H,1,133.C1.162))

Exceptionally, the predicates of small clause complements of prepositions can be PPs, adverbs, or adverbial particles. Potentially analogous cases with verbs are not treated as small clauses; see here for examples.

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N hose))
>     	      (RP out)
>     	      (PP (P at)
>      		  (NP (D the) (NS heeles)))))
>       (ID DELONEY-1597-E2-H,75.185))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (N Crowne))
>                   (PP (P on)
>                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N head)))))
>       (ID EVELYN-1689-E3-H,903.147))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N Reason))
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (NP (N Commander)))
>     	      (PP (P at)
>     		  (NP (D the)
>     		      (N Head)
>     		      (PP (P of)
>     			  (NP (PRO 'em)))))))
>       (ID FARQUHAR-1707-E3-H,6.233))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staffe))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))))
>       (ID HARMAN-1568-E1-H,42.156))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (QP (NP-MSR (ADJ little))
>     			  (QR more))
>     		      (NS Cloaths)
>     		      (PP *ICH*-1))
>     	      (RP on)
>     	      (PP-1 (P than)
>     		    (NP (D a)
>     			(ADJ dark_coloured)
>     			(N Smock)
>     			(PUNC ,)
>     			(CONJP (CONJ or)
>     			       (NX (N Frock)))))))
>       (ID FRYER-1677-E3-H,II,185.208))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO$ its) (N belly))
>                   (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD upwards))))
>       (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-H,212.146))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (Q several) (NS boyes))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (Q each) (N Form)))))
>       (ID HOOLE-1660-E3-H,219.136))

Counterparts of examples like the above with verbs instead of prepositions are not treated as small clauses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBD saw)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N crown))
>     	  (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N head)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>     	  (HVD had)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ good) (N quarter) (N staff))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (HVD had)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJ beautiful) (NS clothes))
>     	  (RP on)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### Absolute clause (`IP-ABS`)

- Absolute clause with active participle
- Absolute clause with other predicate
- Absolute infinitive

The dash tag `-ABS` is restricted to true absolute (= ungoverned) constructions. The subject of an absolute clause is always overt (or at least a trace of movement) and always tagged `NP-SBJ`, regardless of case-marking (which can be nominative, accusative, or genitive). By default, the morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative rather than possessive.

The following subtypes are distinguished:

Type | Example | Annotation
--- | --- | ---
Absolute clause with active participle | The deadline approaching, they panicked. | IP-PPL-ABS
Absolute clause with other predicate | This done, Caesar crossed the Rubicon. | IP-ABS
Absolute infinitive | This statute to remain in force. | IP-INF-ABS

#### Absolute clause with active participle (`IP-PPL-ABS`)

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-PPL-ABS (NP-SBJ (D The) (N deadline))
>     		      (VAG approaching))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (VBD panicked)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>     	  (VBD departed)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Percivale))
>     	  (PP (P frome)
>                   (NP (PRO$ hys) (N awnte)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q aythir))
>     		  (VAG makyng)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4602))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS byschoppys))
>     	  (VBD seseden)
>     	  (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (D a) (N swerde)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO they)
>     				  (QP (Q alle)))
>     			  (VAG syttynge)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ there) (NS hondys))
>     			  (PP (ADV+P thereon)))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ ande)
>     			 (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (PRO they))
>     				 (VAG saynge)
>     				 (NP-OB1 (D thes) (NS wordys)
>     					 (LATIN *ICH*-1))
>     				 (ADVP (ADV thys))
>     				 (PP (P to)
>                                          (NP (PRO hym)))
>     				 (PUNC ,)
>     				 (LATIN-1 (FW Accingere) (FW gladio) (FW tuo) (FW super)
>     					  (FW femur) (FW tuum) (FW potentissime)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,166.910))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N duke)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Lancastir))))
>     	  (VBD londid)
>     	  (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (NPR Rauenesporne)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (PP (ADV fast)
>                   (P be)
>                   (NP (NPR Grymisby)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (D +te) (N translacion)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Seynt) (NPR Martyn)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
>     		  (VAG makyng)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (N resistens)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,212.3794))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te))			← accusative subject
>     		  (VAG openand)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +tyn) (N honde)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS +tynges))
>     	  (MD shul)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (VAN fulfild)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (N godenes)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMEARLPS-M2,126.5520))

>     ( (IP-SUB (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (PRO +te))			← accusative subject
>     		  (VAG spekinde))
>     	  (PUNC /)
>     	  (NP-MSR (QP (ADV wel) (QR more)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (BEP by)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ stille)))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,266.2605))

#### Absolute clause with other predicate (`IP-ABS`)

This type is treated as bare `IP-ABS`. As with small clause (`IP-SMC`) complements of prepositionsP, predicates can be PPs, adverbs, or adverbial particles.

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (D This))
>     		  (VAN done))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NPR Caesar))
>     	  (VBD crossed)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (NPR Rubison))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q all) (NS things))
>     	  (VAN considered)))

>     ( (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (ONE one))                    ← IP-ABS
>     		  (RP down))
>     	  (CONJP (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (NUM two))		← IP-INF-ABS
>     			     (TO to)
>     			     (VB go))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>     	  (VBD flowe)
>     	  (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (D the) (N elme)))
>     	  (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>                           (VB take)
>                           (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hir) (N perche)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS lunes))
>     		  (VAN overcast)
>     		  (PP (P aboute)
>                           (NP (D a) (N bowghe))))
>     	  (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3342))

#### Absolute infinitive (`IP-INF-ABS`)

Absolute infinitives can occur with or without TO. Absolute TO infinitives are generally interpretable as X IS TO V with deontic modal meaning, and their subject is always nominative when it is possible to tell.

>     ( (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (D This) (N statute))
>     	      (TO to)
>     	      (VB remain)
>     	      (PP (P in)
>     		  (NP (N force)))
>     	      (PP (P until)
>     		  (IP-PPL (VAN repealed)))
>     	      (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-ABS (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (ONE one))                    ← IP-ABS
>     		  (RP down))
>     	  (CONJP (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (NUM two))         ← IP-INF-ABS
>     			     (TO to)
>     			     (VB go))))))

>     ( (IP-INF-ABS (CONJ And)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (ADJ fyrst) (NS letters))
>     	      (TO to)
>     	      (BE be)
>     	      (VAN (VAN paynted) (CONJ or) (VAN lymned))
>     	      (PP (P in)
>     		  (NP (D a) (ADJ pleasaunt) (N maner)))
>       (ID ELYOT-1531-E1-H,21.11))

>     ( (IP-INF-ABS-1 (CONJ and)
>     		(NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ sayde) (NS sheues))
>     		(TO to)
>     		(VB leane)
>     		(ADVP (ADV to-gether))
>     		(PP (P in)
>     		    (NP (D the) (NS toppes)))
>     		(PUNC ,)
>     		(IP-INF-ABS-PRN=1 (CONJ and)
>     			          (ADJP-SPR (ADJ wyde)
>     				            (PP (P at)
>     				                (NP (D the) (N grounde)))))
>     		(PUNC ,)
>     		(CP-ADV (C that)
>     		        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N winde))
>     			        (MD may)
>     			        (VB go)
>     			        (ADVP (ADV through))
>     			        (PUNC ,)
>     			        (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>     				  	    (VB drye)
>     					    (NP-OB1 (PRO them)))))
>     		(PUNC .))
>       (ID FITZH-1534-E1-H,38.95))

>     ( (IP-INF-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPR lord))
>     	      (TO to)
>     	      (VB rais)
>     	      (RP up)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (Q all) (PRO$ yo=r=) (NS spirrits)))
>       (ID JPINNEY-1686-E3-H,19.36))