## Clause-level constituents

- Adjective phrase (`ADJP`)
- Adverb phrase (`ADVP`)
- Noun phrase (`NP`)
- Prepositional phrase (`PP`)
- Quantifier phrase (`QP`)
- Verb phrase (`VP`)
- Unknown (`XX`)
- Words as clausal constituents
- Extended tags

This section focuses on the annotation of constituents at the clausal level. The internal syntax of constituents and the various types of subordinate clauses are discussed separately.

### Adjective phrase (`ADJP`)

- Predicate ADJP (`ADJP-PRD`)
- Secondary predicate ADJP (`ADJP-SPR`)
- Locative ADJP (`ADJP-LOC`)
- Clause-adjoined ADJP (`ADJP-CAR`)
- Movement out of ADJP

#### Predicate ADJP (`ADJP-PRD`)

ADJP complements of copular verbs or ADJP predicates of small clauses are annotated as `ADJP-PRD`. But certain adjectives when used in a locative sense always project `ADJP-LOC`. See Locative ADJP.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Thenne))
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng))
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADVR wonderly) (ADJ wroth))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.30))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (D the) (ADJ laste)))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Terquyne))
>               (VBD wexed)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ faynte)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,192.2817))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (VBD semed)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJR yonger)
>                         (PP (P $than)
>                             (NP (D that) (OTHER othir)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,666.4813))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ fre)
>                         (CP-DEG (C +tat)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NS men))
>                                         (VBD resceyued)
>                                         (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere))
>                                         (NP-OB1 (Q all) (N manere)
>                                                 (PP (P of)
>                                                     (NP (NS fugityfes)
>                                                         (PP (P of)
>                                                             (NP (OTHER o+ter) (NS places)))
>                                                         (PP (P for)
>                                                             (NP (PRO$ here) (ADJ euyl) (NS dedes)))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,43.1072))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (NS defenders))
>               (VBD made)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS gates))
>                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fast))))
>               (PUNC .))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD saw)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D thes) (NUM two) (NS bodyes))
>                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ dede))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,53.1761))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (D the) (N monestery)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD founde)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a) (N preste))
>                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)))
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (D the) (N awter)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4590))

#### Secondary predicate ADJP (`ADJP-SPR`)

The dash tag `-SPR` is mnemonic for 'secondary predicate'. See Secondary predicate NP for a list of verbs that license secondary predicates. But `-SPR` is also appended to all clause-level ADJPs that are not labeled `ADJP-PRD` or `ADJP-LOC`, including adjectival adjuncts (parallel to adjunct participial clauses) and the clause-initial ADJP in full correlative comparatives.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV anone))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ lyke)
>                         (NP (D a)
>                             (ADJ lusty) (N knyghte)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD assentid)
>               (PP (ADV+P therto))
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (ADJ good) (N wille)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,5.112))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (ADV+P theryn))
>               (VBD stack)
>               (NP-SBJ (D a) (ADJ fayre) (N swerd))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ naked))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (D the) (N poynt)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.190))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Be)
>                   (ADVP (ADV than)))
>               (VBD com)
>               (PP (P into)
>                   (NP (D the) (N felde)))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Ban))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADVR as) (ADJ ferse)
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (NP (D a) (N lyon))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,25.780))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N knyght))
>               (VBD sanke)
>     	  (PP (RP downe)
>     	      (P to)
>                   (NP (D the) (N erthe)))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ dede))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.817))

#### Locative ADJP (`ADJP-LOC`)

For phrases of the type TWO MILES FROM LONDON, see Silent head of ADJP and more generally, Measure phrase of distance.

When used in a locative sense, the adjectives on the following list project `ADJP-LOC`, regardless of whether they are predicates or not.

>     CLOSE, FAR, NEAR, NIGH

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (BEP were)
>               (ADJP-LOC (ADV quite) (ADJ close)
>                         (PP (P to)
>     			(NP (D the) (N city))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ But)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (BEP were)
>               (ADJP-LOC (ADV very) (ADJ far)
>                         (PP (P from)
>     			(NP (N home))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBD com)
>               (ADJP-LOC (ADVR as) (ADJ nyghe)
>                         (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Bors))
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (NP (D a) (N+N bowe-draught)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,25.765))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
>               (VBD com)
>               (NP-1 (Q none))
>               (ADJP-LOC (ADJ nyghe)
>                         (NP (PRO hym))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.810))

#### Clause-adjoined ADJP (`ADJP-CAR`)

ADJP analogs to clause-adjoined relative clauses are labeled `ADJP-CAR`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADJP-CAR (ADJ Needless)
>     		    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			    (VB say)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (MD could)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (HV have)
>     	  (BEN been)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (QR more) (ADJ pleased))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD paid)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N bill))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (ADJP-CAR (ADJ contrary)
>     		    (PP (P to)
>     			(NP (PRO$ my) (N expectation))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Movement out of ADJP

Complements and modifiers of adjectives can either precede or follow the head, and movement out of ADJP is only indicated if the word order leaves no alternative. See Trace in ADJP for examples.

### Adverb phrase (`ADVP`)

- Directional ADVP (`ADVP-DIR`)
- Locative ADVP (`ADVP-LOC`)
- Temporal ADVP (`ADVP-TMP`)
- Other ADVP (`ADVP`)

ADVPs must be headed by adverbs or (exceptionally) by adverbial particles (`RP`). Adverbial NPs are labeled `NP-ADV`.

#### Directional ADVP (`ADVP-DIR`)

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB go)
>     	  (ADVP-DIR (ADV here / there))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD bare)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (ADVP-DIR (ADV forth))
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.149))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (ADVP (ADV so))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBD cam)
>                   (ADVP-DIR (ADV hyder))
>                   (ADVP (ADV egerly)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.242))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (NUM twelfth) (N day)))
>               (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (D the) (NS barons))
>               (VBD cam)
>               (ADVP-DIR (ADV thyder)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,10.279))

#### Locative ADVP (`ADVP-LOC`)

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB stay)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV here / there))))

>     ( (ADVP-LOC (ADV here) (PUNC ,) (ADV there) (PUNC ,) (CONJ and) (ADV everywhere)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>     	  (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV Where))
>     			  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>     				  (BEP is)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))))
>     	  (PUNC ?)
>     	  (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD said)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kyng))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.65))

#### Temporal ADVP (`ADVP-TMP`)

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV thenne))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (VBD told)
>               (NP-OB2 (D the) (N duke)
>                       (NP-PRN (PRO$ her) (N husband))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.18))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADVR Also) (ADV soone)
>                         (PP (P as)
>                             (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>                                             (NP-SBJ (NPR kyng) (NPR Uther))
>                                             (VBD knewe)
>                                             (PP (P of)
>                                                 (NP (PRO$ theire)
>                                                     (IP-PPL (VAG departyng)
>                                                             (ADVP (ADVR soo) (ADV sodenly)))))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADV wonderly) (ADJ wrothe))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.21))

>     ( (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
>               (VBD cam)
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (D the) (N castel)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Tyntigail))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.90))

#### Other ADVP (`ADVP`)

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED were)
>               (ADVP (ADV myghtyly))
>               (VAN withstonde))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1472))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD wente)
>               (ADVP (ADV pryvaly))
>               (PP (P into)
>                   (NP (D the) (N courte))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1517))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD com)
>               (ADVP (ADV togidirs))
>               (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche))
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (NS horsis))
>                                           (MD $myght)
>                                           (VB dryve)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1692))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P whan)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBD com)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>                                       (NP (D the) (N see))))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD sente)
>               (NP-DIR (N home))
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N+NS footemen))
>               (ADVP (ADV agayne))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,18.563))

### Noun phrase (`NP`)

- Arguments
  - Subject (`NP-SBJ`)
    - Expletive subject
      - Overt expletive subject
        - Expletive IT
        - Expletive THERE
      - Empty expletive subject
        - Empty counterpart to expletive IT
        - Empty counterpart to expletive THERE
    - Impersonal NEED, SHAME, WOE
  - First object and second object (`NP-OB1, NP-OB2`)
    - Single NP object = NP-OB1
      - NP-OB1 with ordinary monotransitive
    - Single NP object = NP-OB2
      - NP-OB2 with impersonal verb
      - NP-OB2 with copular verb
      - NP-OB2 with motion verb or other intransitive
      - NP-OB2 with cognate object verb
      - NP-OB2 with DO SO
    - NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT)
    - NP-OB1 + NP-OB2
      - Class I ditransitive
      - Class II ditransitive
    - NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 + clause
      - NP-OB1 + clause with monotransitive
      - NP-OB1 + clause (or PP) with complex predicate
      - NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 + clause with ditransitive
    - Thematically necessary missing object
    - Passive
- Predicates
  - Predicate NP (`NP-PRD`)
  - Secondary predicate NP (`NP-SPR`)
- Modifiers
  - Adverbial NP (`NP-ADV`)
    - Adverbial free relative clause (eee Free relative clause)
    - Adverbial genitive
      - Phrase headed by GATE(S)
      - NEED(S)
      - Phrase headed by THANKS, +TONC(ES), UN+TONC(ES)
      - WILLES and WALDES
      - Phrase headed by WISE
    - Elided correlative comparative (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER LONGER, THE MORE)
    - Set phrases
      - EACH IN HIS OWN WAY and the like
      - FACE TO FACE and the like
      - HAND AND FOOT, BODY AND SOUL and the like
      - HIM ANE and the like
  - Directional NP (`NP-DIR`)
  - Locative NP (`NP-LOC`)
  - Measure phrase (`NP-MSR`)
    - Measure phrase of distance
    - Measure phrase of time
    - Measure phrase of degree
    - Measure phrase with FROM ... TO
  - Temporal NP (`NP-TMP`)
    - Point in time
    - Frequency
- Other
  - Adjunct NP (`NP-ADT`)
  - Clause-adjoined NP (`NP-CAR`)
  - NP-DPS (see Dative of possession)
  - Inherent reflexive (`NP-RFL`)
  - Vocative (`NP-VOC`)
  - NP with index
    - Associate of expletive subject
    - NP extracted from another constituent
- Movement out of NP

At the clausal level, all NPs are either labeled with a dash tag indicating their function, or they bear an index linking them to an associate or trace with such a function tag.

#### Subject (`NP-SBJ`)

All clauses contain an overt subject except imperatives with implicit subjects (the "you understood" of traditional grammar) and infinitival or participial IPs with PRO subjects. Apart from these two cases, when a clause has no overt subject, an empty subject is added. This includes the infinitival complements of ECM verbs; see ECM versus object control.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N kynge))
>               (VBD (VBD lyked) (CONJ and) (VBD loved))
>               (NP-OB1 (D this) (N lady))
>               (ADVP (ADV wel))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.13))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q many) (NS knyghtes))
>               (HVD had)
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N despite))
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (PRO hym)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,47.1541))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (IP-IMP-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>                           (VBI make)			← implicit subject
>                           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>               (VBD said)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.77))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (PP (ADV+P therefore))
>                   (VBI take)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))			← overt subject
>                   (NP-OB1 (D thys) (N hede)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1623))

#### Expletive subject

Only IT and THERE and their empty counterparts are treated as expletive. Determiners with a clausal associate are treated as thematic, and the clause is treated as an extraposed appositive.

#### Overt expletive subject

#### Expletive IT

Expletive IT is often coindexed with an NP or clause, but it also occurs without an associate, as with weather predicates, and is then not specially distinguished from non-expletive IT.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (MD myghte)
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB make)
>                         (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
>                                 (NP-PRD (PRO$ his) (N quene)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.108))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (NPR$ Goddes) (N wille))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                 (MD shalle)
>                                 (BE be)
>                                 (NP-PRD (PRO$ our) (N kynge)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,11.301))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-1 (Q non) (N drede))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,63.1169))

#### Expletive THERE

It is not always easy to distinguish expletive THERE from locative THERE. In doubtful cases, the default is expletive (`EX`).

Expletive THERE is marked as the (grammatical) subject and coindexed with the logical subject, which is annotated as a bare `NP`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-1 (D a) (ADJ myghty) (N duke)
>                     (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (NPR Cornewaill)))
>               (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
>                         (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                 (VBD helde)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (N warre))
>                                 (PP (P ageynst)
>                                     (NP (PRO hym)))
>                                 (NP-MSR (ADJ long) (N tyme)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.7))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (NP-POS (NPR Saynt) (NPR$ Albons))))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (EX ther))
>               (VBD mette)
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (D the) (N kynge)))
>               (NP-1 (D a) (ADJ grete) (N hoost)
>                     (PP (P of)
>                         (NP (D the) (N North))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.163))

#### Empty expletive subject

#### Empty counterpart to expletive IT

An empty counterpart to expletive IT is added in connection with extraposed subject clauses and in impersonal constructions. With extraposed subject clauses, the expletive is coindexed with the clause.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Euer))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (MD sal)
>               (BE be)
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N +toht)))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C +tat)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS munkis))
>                                 (BEP be)
>                                 (ADVP (ADV wel))
>     			    (VAN lered))))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,5.133))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (D +ti)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (BEP es)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gude))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C +tat)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                 (DOP doe)
>                                 (ADVP-DIR (ADV o-way))
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ yure) (ADJ wicke) (NS dedis)
>                                         (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                                (NX (NS +tohtes))))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,12.416))

In impersonal constructions, any complement clauses are co-indexed with the expletive subject, as for the extraposed subject clauses just discussed.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (VBP repentys)
>                   (ADVP (ADV sore))
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (PRO$ youre) (ADJ grete) (N damage)))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.822))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
>               (VBD thought)
>               (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N palyse))
>                                 (MD sholde)
>                                 (ADVP (Q all))
>                                 (VB to-dryve))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,634.3742))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (VBD semed)
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (BE be)
>                         (PP (P of)
>                             (NP (D the) (N ayge)
>                                 (PP (P of)
>                                     (NP (NUM three_hondred) (NS wynter))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4607))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO Me))
>                   (VBP merueylyth)
>                   (NP-MSR (Q mech))
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (D +tis) (N woman)))
>                   (CP-QUE-SUB-1 (WADVP-2 (WADV why))
>                                 (C 0)
>                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
>                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
>                                         (VBP (VBP wepith) (CONJ &) (VBP cryith))
>                                         (ADVP (ADV so)))))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,143.3317))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (VBD thought)
>               (CP-THT-1 (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 (EX there))
>                                 (BED was)
>                                 (VBN com)
>                                 (PP (P into)
>                                     (NP (PRO$ hys) (N londe)))
>                                 (NP-2 (NS gryffens) (CONJ and) (NS serpentes))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,33.1026))

#### Empty counterpart to expletive THERE

An empty counterpart to expletive THERE is added when the logical subject is indefinite, and at least one of the following two conditions is met:

- the verb is existential BE, or
- the clause-initial constituent is locative.

All other potential cases are treated as having inverted subjects.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-LOC (ADV Yondir))
>                   (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (NP-1 (D a)
>                         (ADJ shrewde) (N geste)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,188.2691))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P overthwarte)
>                   (NP (D the) (N horse)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (VBD lay)
>               (NP-1 (D an) (ADJ armed) (N knyght)
>                     (RRC (VAN bounden)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,190.2758))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (D the) (N ende)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (N brydge)))))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-1 (D a) (ADJ fayre) (N vyllage))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,195.2926))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (PP (P vpon)
>                   (NP (D the) (N body)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (VBD lay)
>               (NP-1 (D a) (ADJ fyn) (N plate)
>                     (PP (P of)
>                         (NP (N gold)))))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,11.215))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
>                   (NP (D +tat) (N desert)))
>               (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
>               (VBP duellen)
>               (NP-2 (Q manye)
>                     (PP (P of)
>                         (NP (NPRS Arrabyenes)))
>                     (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                             (C +tat)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN men))
>                                     (VBP clepen)
>                                     (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                             (NP-PRD (NPRS Bedoynes) (CONJ &) (NPRS Ascopardes))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,42.1039))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (D +tat) (N place)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (VBP cometh)
>               (NP-1 (Q+N noman)
>                     (PP (P saf)
>                         (NP (FP only) (PRO$ here) (N prelate)
>                             (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
>                                     (C +tat)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                             (VBP maketh)
>                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO$ here) (N sacrifise))))))))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,55.1372))

#### Impersonal NEED, SHAME, and WOE

In impersonal constructions, NEED, SHAME, and WOE are treated as subjects. They can be the associate of an expletive subject (overt or empty). The argument expressing the need or the cause of shame or woe, if present, is treated as a complement of the (logical) subject. When the complement is an NP, it is labeled `NP-COM`. The experiencer argument, if present, is labeled `NP-OB2`. See NP-OB2 with copular verb.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-1 (N nied))				← NEED
>     	  (PUNC !))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,31.360))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
>                   (NP (ADJ caald) (N cuntre)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (BEP es)
>               (NP-1 (N nede)
>                     (PP (P of)
>                         (NP (ADJR warmer) (NS hend))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,36.1170))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (D +ti)))
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-1 (N neod)
>                     (IP-INF (TO to)
>                             (HV $habben)
>                             (NP-OB1 (ADJS best) (N warde))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.86.1048))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-3 (D +Da) (NS +dohtes)
>                     (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                             (C +de)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                     (VBP cume+d)
>                                     (PP (P of)
>                                         (NP (NPR gode))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +de))
>               (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-2 (Q michel) (N nied)
>                     (CP-THT (C +dat)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *ICH*-3)
>                                     (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
>                                     (ADVP (ADV wel))
>                                     (VBP understande))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,87.1005))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
>                   (NP-SBJ (N schome)			← SHAME
>                           (IP-INF *ICH*-1))
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO ow))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                             (VB schuderin)
>                             (NP-MSR (ADJR lengre))
>                             (PP (P under)
>                                 (NP (N schelde)))))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,31.200))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Wa))				← WOE without complement
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him)
>                       (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>               (PP (P+D for-+ti))
>               (PP-PRN (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (NPR seint) (NPR Austin))
>                                       (VBP sei+d))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
>                         (C +tt)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                 (BEP is)
>                                 (PP (P wi+d)
>                                     (NP (QP (ADVR to) (Q muche))
>                                         (N luue)))
>                                 (PP (P to)
>                                     (NP (Q ei) (ADJ eor+dlich) (N +ting)))
>                                 (VAN iteiet)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,148.290))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (N Wa)				 ← WOE with clausal complement
>                           (CP-THT *ICH*-2))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO$ mine) (N saule))
>                   (PUNC ;)
>                   (CP-THT-2 (C +tet)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ mi) (N lif))
>                                     (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADV +tus) (ADJ longe)))
>                                     (VBP ilest)))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMLAMB1-M1,157.492))

#### First object (`NP-OB1`) and second object (`NP-OB2`)

Because of the difficulties inherent in trying to label objects consistently by morphological case, we label complement NPs simply as first and second object. Broadly speaking, the first object includes direct objects, while the second object includes indirect objects and other oblique uses.

The following guidelines for deciding which object to label as first and second are intended to be unambiguous and to facilitate automatic retrieval. Admittedly, they do not always yield the linguistically correct analysis, but this result seems unavoidable given the variation and changes in case marking over the course of the history of English.

#### Single NP object = NP-OB1

#### NP-OB1 with ordinary monotransitive

The single object of a monotransitive verb is generally labeled `NP-OB1`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D Thys) (N damesell))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV than))
>               (VBD behelde)
>               (NP-OB1 (D thys) (ADJ poure) (N knyght)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1526))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure))
>               (VBD toke)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (D the) (N sheethe)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NX (N gurdil))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1496))

#### Single NP object = NP-OB2

#### NP-OB2 with impersonal verb

With impersonal verbs, an NP complement is always labeled `NP-OB2`. In the absence of an overt subject, an empty expletive subject is added. Accompanying clauses are coindexed with expletive IT or its empty counterpart.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (VBP repentys)
>                   (ADVP (ADV sore))
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (PRO$ youre) (ADJ grete) (N damage)))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.822))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-VOC (N Sir))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyne)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (VBP forthynkith)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (PRO$ youre) (N displeasure)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1609))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (VBP plese)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO the)))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,15.437))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO the))
>               (VBP list))
>       (ID CMASTRO-M3,669.C2.219))

#### NP-OB2 with copular verb

When the second NP in a copular construction is neither coreferential with the subject nor predicated of it, it is labeled `NP-OB2`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Woe))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>               (PUNC !)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
>               (NEG n@)
>               (BEP @is)
>               (NP-SBJ (Q+N nawicht)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (N scheame)))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.160.2202))

>     ( (NP (Q alle) (ADJ hali) (NS hale+gen)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-7 0)
>                   (C +te)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-7)
>                           (BED weren)
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>                           (ADVP-TMP (ADV ear@))
>                           (PP (PP (P @for)
>                                   (NP (NS bre+dren)))
>                               (CONJP (PP (P for)
>                                          (NP (NS freont))))
>                               (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                      (PP (P for)
>                                          (NP (NS sustren))))))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.229.3320))

>     ( (PP (P gyf)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>                           (NP-SBJ (N gewill))
>                           (BED w+are))))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,137.95))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (VBP loki)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WD hwuch) (N wunne))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                   (PP (ADV+P +trof))
>                                   (NP-OB2 (PRO hire))
>                                   (VBP iwur+de)))		← BE / BECOME / HAPPEN
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,153.365))

#### NP-OB2 with motion verb or other intransitive

In the PPCME2, certain motion verbs and other intransitives (notably, ones that allow the verb BE as the perfect auxiliary) take NP-OB2 complements. The lexical items in question have died out, and their replacements in the later corpora take NP-OB1 complements.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N brea+d)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (PRO$ hare) (ADJ stinkinde) (N +trote))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (NEG ne)
>               (VBP nach+gi)				← APPROACH
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO ou))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.68.753))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-OB2 (Q ba) (PRO ham))
>               (VBP tide+d)				← BEFALL
>               (NP-SBJ (ONE+N andom))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.141.1903))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO$ min) (N heorte))
>               (BEP is)
>               (VBN edflo+ge)			← ESCAPE
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO me)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.39.343))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>               (BEP beo+d)
>               (VBN iflo+gen)			← FLEE
>               (NP-OB2 (D +te) (N world)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.130.1717))

#### NP-OB2 with cognate object verb

Verbs like DELIGHT, HELP, PAIN, PRAY, THANK, etc. are treated as taking an abstract direct object that incorporates into the verb. The surface object is therefore annotated as `NP-OB2`. With THANK, if the thing for which thanks is given is expressed overtly, it is labeled `NP-ADT`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBP deliteth)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (PP (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (D the) (N kepynge)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (PRO$ his) (N tresor)))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                          (PP (NEG nat)
>                              (P in)
>                              (NP (D the) (N rescowynge)
>                                  (CONJP (CONJ ne)
>                                         (NX (N releevynge)))
>                                  (PP (P of)
>                                      (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ+N evene-Cristen)))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,316.C1.1187))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>               (VBP paynest)
>               (IP-INF (NP-1 (PRO him))
>                       (FOR uor)
>                       (TO to)
>                       (BE by)
>                       (PP (P ylych)
>                           (NP *-1))))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,101.1970))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP prey)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,40.408))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD cunne)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV neauer))
>               (VB +tonc)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N sonde))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.102.1244))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>               (VBD +tonkede)
>               (NP-OB2 (N Mon))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ+NS goddede))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.166.2307))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +teo)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (D +tis) (N warninge))
>                                       (PP (P ed@)
>                                           (NP (PRO$ @hire) (N suster)))
>                                       (VBP underfe+d))))
>               (VBP +tonke)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hire))
>               (ADVP (ADV +georne))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.188.2670))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP thank)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +gow)
>                       (QP (Q alle)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-VOC (NS serys))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (ADV heyly))
>               (NP-ADT (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-MSR (N fore-noon) (CONJ &) (N aftyr-noon))
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                       (HVP haue)
>                                       (HVN had)
>                                       (ADVP (ADV resonably))
>                                       (NP-TMP (D +tis) (N day)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,28.627))

#### NP-OB2 with DO SO

DO SO is a proform for the verb plus direct object. Any remaining object NP is therefore treated as `NP-OB2`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>               (ADVP (ADV swa))
>               (DOD dude))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.98.1184))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV Swa))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (DOD dede)
>               (NP-OB2 (NPR seinte) (NPR Petre)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +de)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hine))
>                                       (HVD hadde)
>                                       (VBN forsaken))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,111.1358))

#### NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT)

As is well known, LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT) occur in two constructions in the history of English (ME LIKE(N) PEARS → I LIKE PEARS). In the older construction, which continues into Early Modern English with LIKE, these verbs are parallel to modern PLEASE. The theme is labeled `NP-SBJ`, and the experiencer `NP-OB2`.

| In the PPCME2, the experiencer is often mistagged as `NP-OB1`.

>     ( (PP (P if)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +tat))
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO +gow))
>                           (VBP nede+t))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,51.1503))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D this) (ADJ wise) (N man))
>               (VBD saugh)
>               (CP-THT (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>                               (VBD wanted)
>                               (NP-SBJ (N audience)))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,219.C2.95))

In the modern construction, the experiencer is labeled `NP-SBJ`, and the theme `NP-OB1`, as with ordinary monotransitives.

#### NP-OB1 + NP-OB2

Ditransitive verbs are defined as verbs that can appear with two NP objects. They are divided into two classes:

- Class I: the animate object is NP-OB1, and the inanimate object is NP-OB2
- Class II: the inanimate object is NP-OB1, and the animate object is NP-OB2

#### Class I ditransitive

Class I ditransitives include verbs that originally generally took the accusative of person and genitive of thing. In Modern English, the second object is usually a PP headed by FROM or OF. Common meanings are DELIVER, DEPRIVE, REMIND, SAVE. Some of these Class I verbs are:

>     alesen, benimen, bereueden, forgremen, munen, mune+gen

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD alesede)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
>               (NP-OB2 (ADJ eche) (N dea+de)))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,5.44))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (PP (P mid)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ o+gene) (N dea+de)))
>               (NP-OB1 (Q al) (N+N mankin))
>               (VBD alesde)
>               (PP (P of)				← ALESAN with NP and OF phrase
>                   (NP (ADJ eche) (N dea+de))))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,189.2608))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (ADVP (ADV eft))
>               (PP (P +durh)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ muchele) (N mildce)))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hes))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>               (VBP benime))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,15.157))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
>               (MD scolde)
>               (VB beniman)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q ealla) (D +ta) (NS minetere)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED w+aron)
>                                       (PP (P on)
>                                           (NP (NPR Englelande))))))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ heora) (NS liman)))
>       (ID CMPETERB-M1,46.148))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Te) (N louerd)
>                       (NP-PRN (NPR seint) (NPR lucas)))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO giu))
>               (VBP mune+d)
>               (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (NPR godspel)))
>               (NP-OB2 (NP (D +te) (ADJ wunderlich) (N hider_kume))
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (D +te) (ADJ erue+dliche) (N herbiwist)))
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (D +te) (ADJ wunderliche) (N he+den_si+d)))
>                       (PUNC .)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (PRO$ ure) (N louerd)
>                               (NP-PRN (NPR seint) (NPR iohan)
>                                       (NP-PRN (NPR baptiste))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,125.1687))

#### Class II ditransitive

Class II ditransitives includes all ditransitives not included in the first class. These verbs originally usually took accusative and dative or two accusatives. An incomplete but representative list includes the following:

>     ask, assign,
>     behaten, beseech, bid,
>     command, counsel, cu+den,
>     declare,
>     earn, ensure,
>     forbid, frainen,
>     give, grant,
>     haten,
>     kennen,
>     learn (= teach), let (someone blood), leuen,
>     muster,
>     ordain,
>     promise, prove,
>     reden,
>     say, show,
>     teach, tell, tholien,
>     (um)bethink, unnen,
>     wissen,
>     yield,
>     +garken, +getten

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-VOC (ADJP (ADJ jantyll) (CONJ and) (ADJ curtayse))
>                           (N knyght))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (VBI geff)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde))
>                   (ADVP (ADV agayne))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,47.1544))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVP have)
>               (VBN shewed)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (NP-OB1 (N unkyndnesse)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1562))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB for+gyue)
>               (NP-OB2 (D a) (ADJ synful) (N man))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (NS synnes)))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.513))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD graunted)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (NP-OB1 (NPR Constantyn)
>                       (NP-PRN (PRO$ his) (N bro+ter)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (IP-INF-PRP (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>                           (FOR for-@)
>                           (TO @to)
>                           (VB helpe)
>                           (PUNC ,)
>                           (PP (P with)
>                               (NP (N Poer)
>                                   (PP (P of)
>                                       (NP (N folk))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,46.1381))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (D Thys) (N swerde)
>                           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                           (BEP am)
>                                           (VAN gurte)
>                                           (PP (P withall)
>                                               (NP *T*-1)))))
>                   (DOP doth)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (NX (N comberaunce))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1484))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>               (VBD asked)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (N gyffte)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (VBD promysed)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO her))
>                                       (PP (P whan)
>                                           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>                                                           (VBD gaff)
>                                                           (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>                                                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,48.1580))

Class II ditransitives also include monotransitives accompanied by an "affected" NP (benefactives, etc.), usually corresponding to a Modern English prepositional phrase headed by FOR.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD made)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO them))
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N chere))
>               (PP (RP out)
>                   (P of)
>                   (NP (N mesure))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.14))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (CONJ And)
>                   (ADVP (ADV so))
>                   (NP-SBJ (D thys) (NPR lady) (NPR Lyle)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NPR Avylion))))
>                   (VBD toke)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO hir))
>                   (NP-OB1 (D this) (N swerde)
>                           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>                                           (VBD brought)
>                                           (PP (P with)
>                                               (NP (PRO hir))))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,50.1657))

#### NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 + clause

#### NP-OB1 + clause with monotransitive

With monotransitives (that is, verbs that do not occur with two NP objects), an NP object that co-occurs with a clause is labeled `NP-OB1`. See ECM versus object control for further discussion.

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (VBI suffir)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)
>                           (DO do)
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>                           (NP-OB1 (NS thankynges)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,662.4657))

>     ( (IP-SUB (PP (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (D this) (N necessitee)))
>                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                          (PP (P in)
>                              (NP (D this) (N nede)))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>               (VBP caste)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO yow))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB overcome)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO$ youre) (N herte))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,239.C1.847))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV thanne))
>               (NP-SBJ (ADJ hooly) (NPR chirche))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (N juggement)))
>               (VBP destreyneth)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (IP-INF (FOR for)
>                       (TO to)
>                       (DO do)
>                       (NP-OB1 (ADJ open) (N penaunce)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,289.C1.40))

KNOW, SEE, and similar verbs generally take a single noun phrase or clausal complement. In the Bible, such verbs occasionally take two complements, as in the following examples, presumably by analogy to the construction in the Hebrew or Greek original.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	      (VBP know)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (PRO you))
>     	      (PUNC ,)
>     	      (CP-THT-SPE (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     				      (HVP haue)
>     				      (NEG not)
>     				      (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     					      (N loue)
>     					      (PP (P of)
>     						  (NP (NPR God))))
>     				      (PP (P in)
>     					  (NP (PRO you)))))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID AUTHNEW-1611-E2-H,5,40J.626))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Howbeit))
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO wee))
>     	      (VBP know)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (D this) (N man))
>     	      (CP-QUE-SUB-SPE (WADVP-1 (WADV whence))
>         			      (C 0)
>         			      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			    	          (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     				          (BEP is)))
>     	      (PUNC :))
>       (ID AUTHNEW-1611-E2-H,7,20J.909))

>     ( (PP (P when)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (VBD saw)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (NPR Mary))
>        		      (CP-THT (C that)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>     				      (VBD rose)
>     				      (RP vp)
>     				      (ADVP (ADV hastily)))))))
>       (ID AUTHNEW-1611-E2-H,11,20J.1539))

#### NP-OB1 + clause (or PP) with complex predicate

Complex predicates include all cases of HAVE + NP with a verbal equivalent (HAVE FEAR = FEAR, HAVE KNOWLEDGE = KNOW, HAVE MARVEL = MARVEL, etc.). Some other common complex predicates are:

>     bear witness,
>     bow (one's) heart,
>     do (no) force / pain,
>     give example / (one's) heart / heed / (one's) intent / leave / notice / occasion / order,
>     have care / (great) comfort / head / (no) joy / leave / mind / need / occasion / stomach /
>          (good) will / s.o. to witness,
>     kindle (one's) heart,
>     lay (one's) force,
>     make countenance / effort / fiaunce / (no) mention / note / (no) semblant / shift ,
>     nim (see take),
>     send word,
>     set case / (one's) desire / heart / thought,
>     stir (one's) heart,
>     take care / counsel / (one's) heart / heed / keep / leave / note / notice / occasion / order /
>          pains / tent / yeme
>     turn (one's) heart

The noun member of a complex predicate is labeled `NP-OB1`. The accompanying clause is treated as a clause-level constituent, rather than as a complement of the noun.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ uor)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO hi))
>               (HVP habbe+t)
>               (NP-OB1 (N drede))
>               (CP-THT (C +tet)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
>                               (PUNC /)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO ham))
>                               (MD wyle)
>                               (VB fayly)))
>               (PUNC /))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,32.520))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P after)
>                   (NP (N mete)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD toke)
>               (NP-OB1 (N conseil))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (NS kyngus) (PUNC ,) (NS Erles) (CONJ and) (NS Barons)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WD what) (N ansuere))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>                                   (MD my+gt)
>                                   (VB +geue)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>                                       (NP (D +te) (NS messagers)))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,82.2487))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N hand)))
>               (VBD made)
>               (NP-OB1 (N contenaunce))
>               (CP-THT (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN men))
>                               (MD sholde)
>                               (VB holden)
>                               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ stille))))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,219.C1.85))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (HVD had)
>               (NP-OB1 (N mervayle))
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV whye))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (BED was)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ abaysshed))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,655.4446))

Analogous cases with postnominal PPs (for instance, TAKE ADVANTAGE / CARE / NOTICE OF) are treated the same way.

>     ( (IP-PPL (VAG taking)
>               (NP-OB1 (N care))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (D the) (NS children)))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB take)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N notice))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (D the) (N insult)))))

#### NP-OB1 or NP-OB2 + clause with ditransitive

When a ditransitive takes an animate NP object and a clause, rather than two NPs, the label of the animate NP remains the same as in the case with two NPs, preserving the parallelism between the two constructions.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NEG ne)
>               (MD mihten)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO hie))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>               (VB benemen)						← Class I ditransitive
>               (IP-INF (NP-OB1 (ONE anne) (N +touht))
>                       (TO to)
>                       (VB +tenken)
>                       (PP (P buten)
>                           (PP (P alswa)
>                               (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                                       (C 0)
>                                       (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                               (VBD walde))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,143.1774))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>               (VBP munege+d)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO us))					← Class I ditransitive
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB wakien)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.115.1451))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD munegede)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q alle)					← Class I ditransitive
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tet)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED weren))))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (ADVP (ADV stronge))
>                       (VB fechte))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMLAMB1-M1,151.395))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (D a) (N man))
>                   (VBD tolde)					← Class II ditransitive
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (D the) (N Castell)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NPR Four) (NPR Stonys)))))
>                   (CP-THT (C that)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (BED were)
>                                   (VAN delyverde)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,52.1725))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD preyde)						← Class II ditransitive
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hir))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB prey)
>                       (PP (P for)
>                           (NP (D a) (N woman)
>                               (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whech))
>                                       (C 0)
>                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                               (VBD lay)
>                                               (PP (P in)
>                                                   (NP (N poynt)
>                                                       (PP (P of)
>                                                           (NP (N deth))))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,53.1202))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV anone))
>               (VBD asked)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO them))					← Class II ditransitive
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WPP-1 (P frome)
>                                  (WADVP (WADV whens)))
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (PP *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (VBD com)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.477))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (VBI telle)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))				← Class II ditransitive
>                   (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                       (HVP have)
>                                       (VBN spedde)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1625))

#### Thematically necessary missing object

It is possible for ditransitives to appear with only one object, which is then labeled depending on its animacy in accordance with the guidelines for Class I and Class II ditransitives. The following examples illustrate thematically necessary missing objects for Class II ditransitives (inanimate theme = NP-OB1; animate recipient or beneficiary = NP-OB2).

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (MD will)
>               (VB telle)
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (N story))			← NP-OB1 only
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (NPR Father))
>               (VBI forgive)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (NS trespasses))		← NP-OB1 only
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP-TMP (ADV Now))
>     		      (MD shall)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		      (VB telle)
>     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))		← NP-OB2 only)
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seyde)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N damesell))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1483))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-VOC (NPR Fader))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (VBI for+gif)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))			← NP-OB2 only
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,48.704))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD +gef)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ hire) (N lauerd))		← NP-OB2 only
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.43.393))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N kyng))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV anone))
>               (VBD grantede)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))				← NP-OB2 only
>               (ADVP (ADV frely))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,52.1525))

#### Passive

Whichever object is promoted to subject in the passive of a Class II ditransitive, the remaining object is treated in a way that maximizes the parallel between active and passive.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED was)
>     	  (VAN given)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N letter))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (N patient))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (VAN let)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (N blood))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (N letter))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (VAN given)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-VOC (N Sone))
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBP sey+t)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR Crist)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO$ +ty) (NS synnes))
>                   (BEP be+t)
>                   (VAN for+gyue)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.505))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (D +tat)
>                           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C +tat)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                           (VBP askest))))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (NEG not)
>                   (VAN bynome)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,50.782))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-SBJ (Q alle) (NS guodes))
>                   (BEP bye+t)
>                   (NP-OB2 (PRO ous))
>                   (VAN yfayled)
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,71.1344))

#### Predicate NP (`NP-PRD`)

When the second NP in a copular construction is predicated of the subject or coreferential with it, it is labeled `NP-PRD`. Copular constructions include clauses with BE or another copular verb as well as reduced relative clauses, small clauses, and absolute clauses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Dr.) (NPR Jarrar))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D the) (N surgeon))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N man)
>     		  (PP (P on)
>     		      (NP (D the) (N corner))))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-PRD (NPR Dr.) (NPR Jarrar))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N sink)
>           (RRC (NP-PRD (D the) (N size)
>     		   (PP (P of)
>     		       (NP (D a) (N bathtub)))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
>     	      (NP (NPR Philadelphia)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBP call)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO them))
>     		  (NP-PRD (NS hoagies)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Secondary predicate NP (`NP-SPR`)

See also Small clause.

The dash tag `-SPR` is appended to all NPs that act as secondary predicates. The following verbs are treated as taking secondary predicates; the list is intended to be illustrative rather than exhaustive and should be compared with the list of verbs that take small clause complements.

>     admit, agree, anoint, appoint,
>     bind, bring,
>     choose, christen, claim, confirm, consecrate, crown,
>     defend, define, devote,
>     elect,
>     interpret,
>     keep,
>     leave, love,
>     name, nominate,
>     offer, ordain,
>     preserve,
>     set, subscribe, suffer, surname,
>     take, testify, translate, try,
>     vow,
>     witness

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This) (N coat))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB keep)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO you))
>     	  (ADJP-SPR (ADJ warm))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB elect)
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (NPR Hapsburg))
>               (NP-SPR (N emperor))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB stand / mount)
>               (NP-SPR (N guard))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB ride)
>               (NP-SPR (N shotgun))))

#### Adverbial NP (`NP-ADV`)

NPs acting adverbially are labeled `NP-ADV`. The use of `NP-ADV` is relatively restricted and includes the following types:

- Adverbial free relative clause (eee Free relative clause)
- Adverbial genitive
  - Phrase headed by GATE(S)
  - NEED(S)
  - Phrase headed by THANKS, +TONC(ES), UN+TONC(ES)
  - WILLES and WALDES
  - Phrase headed by WISE
- Set phrases
  - EACH IN HIS OWN WAY and the like
  - FACE TO FACE and the like
  - HAND AND FOOT, BODY AND SOUL, and the like
  - HIM ANE and the like
- Elided correlative comparative (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER LONGER, THE MORE)

#### Adverbial genitive

Originally adverbial genitives are treated differently in the PPCME2 than in the later corpora. The examples below illustrate the annotation in the PPCME2. Some adverbial genitives always appear with the genitive -S (WILLES), but others vary (ALGATE(S), NEDE(S), etc.). Despite the genitive origin, the head noun is tagged as a simple noun (`N`).

#### Phrase headed by GATE(S)

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-ADV (Q+N algates))			← in every way
>                   (NP-SBJ (N necessitee))
>                   (VBP constreyneth)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)
>                           (VB axe))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,233.C1.620))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADV (Q+N algate))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD sholde)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (N resoun)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,321.C2.1441))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO sho))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD may)
>               (NP-ADV (Q nan) (N gate))			← in no way
>               (VB breke))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,35.1139))

#### NEED(S)

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Richtwisnesse))
>               (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                           (VBP sai+d))
>               (MD mod)
>               (BE beon)
>               (NP-ADV (N nede))				← necessarily
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ sturne))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.197.2817))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-OB1 (D +Tis) (N charyte))
>               (MD most)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>               (NP-ADV (N nyede))
>               (HV haue)
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,34.228))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (PP (P if)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR heuen) (CONJ and) (NPR erthe))
>                                   (BEP ben)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ sory)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>               (MD must)
>               (NP-ADV (N nedes))
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ sory))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,21.630))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-ADV (N nedes))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD moste)
>               (VB dye))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,92.2770))

#### Phrase headed by THANKS, +TONC(ES), UN+TONC(ES)

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (CODE <P_II.46>)
>               (NP-SBJ (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (DOD dude)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (PRO hire)))))
>               (BED wes)
>               (PP (P in@)
>                   (NP (D +te@) (N frum+de)))
>               (ADVP (ADV sare))
>               (NP-ADV (PRO$ hire) (N vn+tonkes))			← against her will
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.46.424))

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (P Gif)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                   (VBP agultest)
>                                   (PP (P wi+d)
>     				  (NP (PRO$ +tine)
>                                           (ADJ+N efen-nexta)))
>                                   (NP-ADV (N un+donkes)))))		← unwillingly
>     			      (PUNC ;)
>     			      (VBI bet)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>     			      (NP-ADV (PRO$ +tin) (N +tonkes))			← willingly
>     			      (ADVP (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV hu) (ADV se))
>     					    (C 0)
>     					    (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     						    (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>     						    (MD miht)
>     						    (VB *)
>     						    (PP (P wi+d)
>     							(NP (PRO him)))))))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,17.211))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADV (PRO$ His) (ADJ ah+genes) (N +tonkes))	← by his own will
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD +trowede)
>               (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (PRO us))))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,121.1195))

#### WILLES and WALDES

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>               (VBP $breke+d)
>               (NP-ADV (N willes)))				← willingly
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.46.55))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO tu))
>               (NP-ADV (Q al) (N willes))
>               (ADVP (ADVR se) (ADV scheomeliche))
>               (VBP tukest)
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,154.386))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
>                   (NP-ADV (N willes) (CONJ &) (N waldes))	← willingly
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>                   (VBD beach)
>                   (PP (P to)
>                       (NP (D +te) (N deouel)))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.224.3249))

#### Phrase headed by WISE

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (ADJ Halie) (ADJ alde) (NS ancres))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>               (MD ma+ge)
>               (DO don)
>               (NP-ADV (Q summes) (N weis))				← in some way
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.58.574))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD ma+ge)
>               (NP-ADV (Q nanes) (N weis))				← in no way
>               (ADVP (ADV allunge))
>               (VB wi+d_seggen))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.69.764))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD kan)
>               (VB seye)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (NP-ADV (Q noon) (OTHER+N oother-wewyes))             ← in no other way
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (NPR englissh)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,318.C2.1308))

#### Set phrases

#### EACH IN HIS OWN WAY and the like

The constructions at issue originate as gapping, and perhaps that is the proper synchronic analysis as well, but for simplicity, they are treated as binary-branching NP-ADVs.

>     ( (NP-ADV (NP (Q each))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (PRO$ his)
>     		  (ADJ own)
>     		  (N way)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD made)
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N joy))
>               (NP-ADV (NP (Q eche))
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (OTHER othir))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.480))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBD sware)
>               (NP-ADV (NP (Q every) (N knyght))
>                       (PP (P uppon)
>                           (NP (PRO$ his) (N swerde))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,198.3026))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO heo))
>               (HVP habbe+d)
>               (Q alle)
>               (CODE <P_I.50>)
>               (ADVP (ADV togederes))
>               (NP-OB1 (NP (ONE an) (N luue))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ ant)
>                              (NP (ONE an) (N wil))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-ADV (NP (Q vhc) (ONE an))
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (NP (OTHER o+der)))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.50.96))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
>               (BEP ben)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ divers))
>               (NP-ADV (NP (D that) (ONE on))
>                       (PP (P fro)
>                           (NP (D that) (OTHER othir)))))
>       (ID CMBOETH-M3,434.C2.246))

#### FACE TO FACE and the like

Like EACH IN HIS OWN WAY, these phrases originate as gapping or as absolute clauses (`IP-ABS`), and again, perhaps that is the proper synchronic analysis. For simplicity, we treat them AS `NP-ADV`, and we further simplify the guidelines by assimilating them to the case of EACH IN HIS OWN WAY just discussed. (In earlier releases, the initial noun was not an NP in its own right.)

>     ( (NP-ADV (NP (N face))
>     	  (PP (P to)
>     	      (NP (N face)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Vor)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tanne))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>               (MD ssolle)
>               (VB yzy)
>               (NP-ADV (NP (N face))
>                       (PP (P to)
>                           (NP (N face))))
>               (ADVP (ADV clyerlyche))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,88.1717))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>                   (VBP seo+d)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (BEP is))))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (NP-ADV (NP (N nebbe))
>                           (PP (P to)
>                               (NP (N nebbe))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMSAWLES-M1,182.242))

#### HAND AND FOOT, BODY AND SOUL, and the like

>     ( (NP-ADV (N hand) (CONJ and) (N foot)))

>     ( (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VB binden)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-ADV (CONJ ba+de) (NS handen) (CONJ and) (NS fiet)))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,17.203))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD bounde)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>               (NP-ADV (NS Hondes) (CONJ and) (NS feete))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,39.1192))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ cwic))
>               (BEP beo)
>               (VAN forbearnd)
>               (NP-ADV (CONJ ba+de) (N lim) (CONJ &) (N li+d))
>               (PP (P i@)
>                   (NP (ADJ @leitinde) (N leie))))
>       (ID CMJULIA-M1,99.63))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>               (ADVP (Q al))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO ham))
>               (BEP is)
>               (VAN to-limet)
>               (NP-ADV (N li+d) (CONJ ba) (PUNC .) (CONJ &) (N lire)))
>       (ID CMHALI-M1,142.221))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO us))
>               (VBP sende+d)
>               (PUNC .)
>               (PP (P into)
>                   (NP (NPR helle)))
>               (NP-ADV (N saule) (PUNC .) (CONJ and) (N lichame))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB wuniende)
>                       (PP (P on)
>                           (NP (ADJ eche) (N fur)))))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,61.845))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD smote)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (RP downe)
>               (NP-ADV (N horse) (CONJ and) (N man))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,22.667))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (ADV+P there-with))
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N castell))
>               (VBD brake)
>               (NP-ADV (N roffe) (CONJ and) (NS wallis)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,64.2146))

#### HIM ANE and the like

HIM ANE means more or less BY ONESELF.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (MAN Me))
>               (MD schal)
>               (VB siten)
>               (NP-ADV (PRO him) (FP ane)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.123.1576))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ eadi) (NPR iohan))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (ADJ anli) (N stude)
>                       (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>                               (C as)
>                               (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (BED wes)))))
>               (NP-OB1 (Q alle) (D +teos) (NUM +treo) (NS Meden))
>               (VBD of_ernede)
>               (NP-ADV (PRO him) (FP ane))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.125.1615))

#### Elided correlative comparative

Full correlative comparatives (THE MORE YOU SPEND, THE MORE YOU SAVE), are treated as comparative clauses (`CP-CMP`). By contrast, their counterparts with elision (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER LONGER, THE MORE) are treated as `NP-ADV`.

>     ( (NP-ADV (NP-MSR (QP (D the) (QR more))
>     		  (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     				  (VBP save))))
>               (ADJP (D the) (ADJR better))))

>     ( (NP-ADV (NP-MSR (QP (D the) (QR more)))
>               (ADJP (D the) (ADJR merrier))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
>               (VBP waxe+d)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N wa))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (NP-ADV (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR+ADJR selengere)))
>                       (ADVP (ADVR se) (ADVR wurse)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.77.908))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB (VB crie) (CONJ and) (VB wepen))
>               (NP-ADV (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADV evere) (ADJR lenger)))
>                       (NP-MSR (QP (D the) (QR moore)))))
>       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,217.C1b.11))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBP forte+d)
>               (NP-OB1 (D +tat) (N child))
>               (PUNC ;)
>               (NP-ADV (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR swo) (ADJ leng)))
>                       (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR swo) (QR more))))
>               (PP (P to)
>                   (NP (PRO$ here) (N wille)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,87.1180))

#### Directional NP (`NP-DIR`)

NPs with a motion verb indicating a direction (to or from) are labeled `NP-DIR`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD cam)
>               (NP-DIR (N home)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.215))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD rode)
>               (NP-DIR (PRO$ his) (N way))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.227))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P thorow)
>                   (NP (D the) (N wytte)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Merlion)))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD ledde)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N oste))
>               (NP-DIR (N+WARD northwarde))
>               (NP-ADT (D the) (ADJS pryveyst) (N wey)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (MD coude)
>                                       (BE be)
>                                       (VAN thought))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (D the) (N foreste)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Bedgrayne)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,18.568))

#### Locative NP (`NP-LOC`)

NPs indicating a location are labeled `NP-LOC`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBP ought)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (BE be)
>                       (NP-LOC (N home))
>                       (PP (P by)
>                           (ADVP (ADV now))))
>               (PUNC .)))

#### Measure phrase (`NP-MSR`)

NPs that are ambiguous between objects and measure phrases are treated by default as objects. A simple test for doubtful cases is to passivize the sentence; if the relevant noun phrase can be the subject of a passive, it is an `NP-OB1`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (VBD ate)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q much))
>                       (N spinach))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (VBD ate)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q much)))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (VBD ate)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR too) (ADJ long)))
>               (PUNC .)))

Measure phrases occur as sentential constituents. We also explicitly label measure phrase modifiers of other constituents (see, for instance, Measure phrase modifiers of N). Only NP measure phrases are indicated as such. PP measure phrases (FOR THREE DAYS, etc.) are not indicated, in accordance with our policy of not specifying the function of PPs.

At the sentence level, measure noun phrases are always labeled `NP-MSR`.

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB last)
>               (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ long) (N time))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB last)
>               (NP-MSR (D a)
>                       (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ long))
>                       (N time))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB last)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJ long)))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB last)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ long)))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB cost)
>               (NP-MSR (QR more))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB cost)
>               (NP-MSR (QP (Q much) (QR more)))))

Measure phrases at levels lower than IP are treated slightly differently depending on whether they are headed by `Q`.

- Measure phrases headed by `Q` are generally not surrounded by `NP-MSR`.

  >     ( (ADJP (Q much) (ADJR higher)))

  >     ( (ADJP (QP (ADV very) (Q much))
  >     	(ADJR higher)))

  >     ( (ADJP (QP (Q much) (QR more))
  >     	(ADJ imposing)))

  >     ( (ADJP (QP (QP (ADVR so) (Q much))
  >                 (QR more))
  >     	(ADJ imposing)))

- Measure phrases headed by categories other than `Q` are surrounded by `NP-MSR` brackets, even when they consist of just a single word. (In other words, they are treated just like clause-level measure noun phrases.)

  >     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (ADJ far))			← NP-MSR around single orthographic word
  >     	(ADJR higher)))

  >     ( (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM half))			← NP-MSR around single orthographic word
  >     	(ADVR so) (ADV sore)))

  >     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADV quite) (ADJ far)))
  >     	(ADJ distant)))

  >     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q many) (NS times))
  >     	(ADJR higher)))

  This includes quantified expressions of the form Q+N, Q+WPRO (e.g., SOMETHING, SOMEWHAT).

  >     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q+WPRO somewhat))		( (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q some) (WPRO what)
  >             (ADJ late)))			                (ADJ late)))

  >     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (Q+WPRO somwhat))		( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (Q some) (WPRO what)
  >                 (ADV aterwards)))		     	            (ADV afterwards)))

  >     ( (QP (NP-MSR (Q+N sumdele))	                ( (QP (NP-MSR (Q sum) (N dele))
  >           (QR moor)))				      (QR more)))

When extracted out of adjective or adverb phrases, measure phrases leave traces of the appropriate category (either `QP` or `NP-MSR`). Extracted QPs receive no surrounding `NP-MSR,` even when they end up as daughters of IP, contrary to the general convention of enclosing clause-level measure phrases in `NP-MSR` brackets.

>     ( (IP-MAT (QP-1 (ADVR so) (Q much))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ your) (CODE <font>) (N Zenith))
>     	  (CODE <$$font>)
>     	  (ADJP-LOC (QP *ICH*-1)
>     		    (ADJ distant)
>        		    (PP (P from)
>     		        (NP (D the) (N Equinoctiall))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID BLUNDEV-1597-E2-H,152V.128))

>     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WNP-1 (WPRO what)
>            		     (QP *ICH*-2))
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>         	   	      (MD would)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     		      (HV have)
>     		      (QP-2 (QR more)))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,156.364))

#### Measure phrase of degree

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBP practice)
>     	  (NP-MSR (D a) (N lot))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBP practice)
>     	  (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q much)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBP practice)
>     	  (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR so) (Q much))
>     		  (CP-DEG (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     				  (HVP have)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (ADJ sore) (NS muscles))
>     				  (PP (P for)
>     				      (NP (NUM three) (NS days))))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Measure phrase of distance

Measure phrases of distance modify motion verbs.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
>               (VBD rode)
>               (NP-MSR (QR more)
>                       (PP (P than)
>                           (NP (D a) (N pace)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,60.1985))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P At@)
>                   (NP (D @te) (ADJ last)))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Balan)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (NP-PRN (D the) (ADJR yonger) (N broder)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (VBD withdrewe)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ lytel)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,68.2312))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD +tiderwarde))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD went)
>               (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR as) (Q miche))
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                           (MD my+gt)
>                                           (VB *)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,62.1869))

Distance measure NPs can also modify a direction or location. Adverbial particles (`RP`) modified by a measure NP exceptionally project an `ADVP`. For phrases of the type TWENTY MILES FROM LONDON, see Silent head of ADJP.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>               (HVD had)
>               (VBN led)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO them))
>               (PP (NP-MSR (ADJ far))
>                   (P into)
>                   (NP (D the) (N wilderness)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD wille)
>                   (NEG not)
>                   (BE be)
>                   (ADVP-LOC (NP-MSR (ADJ long))
>     			(ADV behynde))
>                   (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (D the) (N castel)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NPR Tyntygaill))))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (ADVP-LOC (NP-MSR (FP but) (NUM ten) (N myle))
>                             (ADV hens))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.86))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ next) (N rest) (N stop))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADVP-LOC (NP-MSR (NUM ten) (N miles))
>                         (RP off))
>               (PUNC .)))

#### Measure phrase of time

At the clausal level, measure phrases of time denote duration.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD maye)
>               (VB ryde)
>               (NP-MSR (Q all) (N nyghte))
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (PRO$ oure) (ADJ owne) (N castell))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.19))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-MSR (ADJ+N longtyme))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Brut))
>               (VBD dwellyd)
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (D +te) (N kyng))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,6.138))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (PRO he))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                              (NP (PRO$ his) (NS men))))
>               (HVD had)
>               (VBN sayled)
>               (NP-MSR (NP (NUM xx) (NS dayes))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                              (NP (QR more)))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,8.205))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ &)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>                   (MD schule)
>                   (BE beon)
>                   (NP-PRD (NS$ feondes) (N fode))
>                   (NP-MSR (N world)
>                           (PP (P buten)
>                               (NP (N ende))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.160.2195))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>               (HVD hefde)
>               (VBN of_erned)
>               (NP-OB1 (D +te) (NS pinen)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR helle))))
>               (NP-MSR (N world)
>                       (ADVP (ADV aa))
>                       (PP (P buten)
>                           (NP (N ende)))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.139.1864))

Measure NPs of time may also modify other constituents, in which case they can express duration or frequency.

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ long) (N time))
>     	    (ADV ago)))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NEG not) (ADJ long))
>     	    (ADV afterwards)))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS years))
>     	    (ADV afterwards)))

>     ( (PP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS years))
>           (P after)
>           (NP (D this))))

>     ( (PP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS years))
>           (P after)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D this))
>     		      (VBD happened)))))

>     ( (NP-TMP (NUM once)
>     	  (NP-MSR (D a) (N year))))

>     ( (NP (NUM twenty) (NS shillings)
>           (NP-MSR (D a) (N week))))

>     ( (PP (P after)
>           (NP (D +te) (NPR Incar-nacion)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (NPR Ihesu) (NPR Crist))))
>           (NP-MSR (NUM .ij_C._iiij._vj) (N +gere)))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,45.1347))

#### Measure phrase with FROM ... TO

FROM ... TO sequences expressing extent of space or time are labeled `NP-MSR`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD drove)
>     	  (NP-MSR (PP (P from)
>     		      (NP (NPR Philadelphia)))
>     		  (PP (P to)
>     		      (NP (NPR Chicago))))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (D a) (N day)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO It))
>     	  (VBD lasted)
>     	  (NP-MSR (PP (P from)
>     		      (NP (NPR Monday) (N morning)))
>     		  (PP (P until)
>     		      (NP (NPR Thursday) (N afternoon))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ Ant)
>               (PP (P ed)
>                   (LATIN (FW Deus) (PUNC ,) (FW in) (FW adiutorium)))
>               (VBI make+d)
>               (NP-OB1 (D an) (N cros))
>               (NP-MSR (PP (P from)
>                           (NP (D +te) (N foreheaued)))
>                       (PP (P to)
>                           (NP (D +te) (N breoste))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.58.155))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +tat))
>               (VBD durede)
>               (NP-MSR (PP (P fro)
>                           (NP (D +te) (N morne)))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (PP (P til)
>                           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                           (BED was)
>                                           (NP-PRD (NUM xj)
>                                                   (PP (P of)
>                                                       (NP (D +te) (N Clokke)))
>                                                   (PP (P of)
>                                                       (NP (D +te) (N day))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,228.4118))

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-MSR (PP (P From)
>                           (NP (PRO$ ouwer) (N compelin)))
>                       (PP (P o+det)
>                           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Preciosa))
>                                           (BEP beo)
>                                           (VAN iseid)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (VBI halde+d)
>               (NP-OB1 (N silence))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.60.180))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P whan)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                   (BEP is)
>                                   (NP-TMP (NUM ones))
>                                   (VAN conceyved)
>                                   (PP (P in)
>                                       (NP (D the) (NS hertes)
>                                           (PP (P of)
>                                               (NP (Q som) (NS men))))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (ADV certein))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (MD wol)
>               (VB lasten)
>               (ADVP (ADV peraventure))
>               (NP-MSR (NP-MSR (PP (P from)
>                                   (NP (ONE oon) (NPR Estre) (NPR day)))
>     			  (PP (P unto)
>                                   (NP (D+OTHER another) (NPR Estre) (NPR day))))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (QR moore))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,305.C2.726))

#### Temporal NP (`NP-TMP`)

#### Point in time

NPs denoting points in time (THAT DAY, TUESDAY, YESTERDAY, etc.) are labeled `NP-TMP`. Dates are annotated with flat structure (except for any PPs).

>     ( (NP-TMP (NPR January) (ADJ third) (NUM 1732)))

>     ( (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ third)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>     	      (NP (NPR January)))
>     	  (NUM 1732)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-TMP (D This) (N nyght))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                   (MD shalle)
>                   (VB lye)
>                   (PP (P with)
>                       (NP (NPR Igrayne)))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (NP (D the) (N castel)
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NPR Tyntigayll)))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.78))

#### Frequency

NPs denoting frequency (EVERY DAY, TUESDAYS, etc.) are also labeled `NP-TMP`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (ADJ Presidential) (NS elections))
>     	  (BEP are)
>     	  (VAN held)
>     	  (NP-TMP (Q every) (NUM four) (NS years))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Voryet)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +ti) (N body))
>               (PUNC /)
>               (NP-TMP (NUM ones)
>                       (NP-MSR (D a) (N day)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,73.1406))

#### Adjunct NP (`NP-ADT`)

This category is something of a catch-all category, including the following types:

- initial NP in a full correlative comparative (THE MORE YOU SPEND, THE MORE YOU SAVE). Elided correlative comparatives (THE MORE YOU SAVE, THE BETTER; THE MORE, THE MERRIER; EVER LONGER, THE WORSE) are treated differently.

- with the verb THANK or the collocation GIVE/YIELD THANKS, the argument for which thanks is given

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
  >               (VBP +tonkien)
  >               (NP-ADT (Q alles) (NS +tinges)))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,39.504))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
  >               (PP (P +gef)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
  >                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hit))
  >                                   (MD mei)
  >                                   (VB eoten))))
  >               (PUNC ;)
  >               (VBP +toncke)
  >               (NP-ADT (PRO hit))
  >               (NP-OB2 (NPR god))
  >               (ADVP (ADV +georne))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.85.1027))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >               (NP-ADT (Q al)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >                               (C +tet)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
  >                                       (DOP de+t)
  >                                       (PP (P to)
  >                                           (NP (PRO$ his) (N bodye))))))
  >               (PUNC :)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (VBP yelt)
  >               (NP-OB1 (NS +tonkes))
  >               (PUNC /))
  >       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,85.1662))

- fronted NP not associated with a resumptive (`-RSP`) element in the body of the clause

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV Whatever))
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >                                       (VBP say))))
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >               (DOP do@)
  >               (NEG @n't)
  >               (VB believe)
  >               (NP-OB2 (PRO them))
  >               (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (NP-ADT (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV hwase))
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                                 (ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
  >                                                 (VBP missei+d)
  >                                                 (NP-OB2 (OTHER o+der)))
  >                                       (PUNC .)
  >                                       (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
  >                                              (IP-SUB=2 (VB mis_de+d)
  >                                                        (NP-OB2 (PRO +te)))))))
  >               (VBI nim)
  >               (NP-OB1 (N +geme)))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.140.1872))

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-ADT (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
  >                               (C +te)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (NEG ne)
  >                                       (VBP warne+d)
  >                                       (NP-OB1 (OTHER o+der))
  >                                       (PP (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (PRO$ his) (N lure)))
  >                                           (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
  >                                                  (PP (P of)
  >                                                      (NP (PRO$ his) (N bi+gete))))))))
  >               (NEG n@)
  >               (BEP @is)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
  >               (NP-PRD (NP (N slau+de)
  >                           (ADJP (ADJ scheomelese)))
  >                       (CONJP (CONJ o+der)
  >                              (NP (ADJ attri) (N onde)))))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.155.2117))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >               (NP-ADT (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO+ADV whoso))
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (MD wil)
  >                                       (VB go)
  >                                       (PP (P be)
  >                                           (NP (D+OTHER another) (N weye)))
  >                                       (PP (P fro)
  >                                           (NP (NPR Babiloyne))))))
  >               (ADVP-TMP (ADV +tan))
  >               (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
  >               (VBP goth)
  >               (PP (P be)
  >                   (NP (D the) (NPR Rede) (NPR see)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
  >                               (C +tat)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
  >                                       (BEP is)
  >                                       (NP-PRD (D an) (N arm)
  >                                               (PP (P of)
  >                                                   (NP (D the) (N see)
  >                                                       (NP-PRN (NPR OCCEAN)))))))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,37.933))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >               (NP-ADT (D +tose)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >                               (C +tat)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (HVP haue)
  >                                       (NEG not)
  >                                       (VBN schryuen)
  >                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO hom)))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
  >               (MD schall)
  >               (BE be)
  >               (VAN schowet)
  >               (PP (P to)
  >                   (NP (Q all) (D +te) (N world)))
  >               (PP (P yn)
  >                   (NP (ADJ gret) (N confusyon)
  >                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                              (NX (N schenschyp)))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMIRK-M34,2.28))

- fronted NP meaning more or less AS FOR NP

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (D The) (NPR Civil) (NPR War))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N carnage))
  >               (BED was)
  >               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ unprecedented))
  >               (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (ADJ Bitter)
  >                       (N sar)
  >                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
  >                              (NX (N schrift))))
  >               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ONE an))
  >               (MD mot)
  >               (VB cumen)
  >               (PP (P of)
  >                   (NP (D +te) (OTHER o+der)))
  >               (PP (P as)
  >                   (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
  >                           (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >                                   (NP-SBJ (NPR iudith))
  >                                   (DOD dude)
  >                                   (PP (P of)
  >                                       (NP (NPR merarith))))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.229.3311))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-ADT (D +Te) (OTHER o+tre) (NUM vour)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >                               (C +tet)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (VBP come+t)
  >                                       (ADVP-TMP (ADV+WARD $efterward)))))
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >               (MD wille+t)
  >               (VB speke)
  >               (NP-OB1 (D ane) (OTHER o+tre) (N speche))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,110.2119))

- other NP in non-argument function

  >     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
  >               (VB fast)
  >               (NP-TMP (PRO$ hur) (N euens))
  >               (NP-ADT (N bred) (CONJ and) (N watyr))	← on bread and water
  >               (PP (P in)
  >                   (NP (ADJ hegh) (N mede)
  >                       (PP (P to)
  >                           (NP (PRO you))))))
  >       (ID CMMIRK-M34,57.1582))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV +ta))
  >               (VBD onswerede)
  >               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
  >               (NP-SBJ (NPR drihten))
  >               (NP-ADT (ADJR mildere) (N steuene))		← in/with a milder voice
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,45.587))

- wh-trace without an obvious thematic relation to the body of the clause (see Clause-adjoined relative for examples)

#### Clause-adjoined NP (`NP-CAR`)

NP analogs to clause-adjoined relative clauses are labeled `NP-CAR`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N lion))
>     	  (VBD lay)
>     	  (RP down)
>               (ADVP (ADV tamely))
>     	  (PP (P before)
>     	      (NP (NPR Yvain)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-CAR (D an)
>     		  (ADJ unexpected)
>     		  (N surprise))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ able)
>     		    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			    (VB work)
>     			    (PP (P from)
>     				(NP (N home)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-CAR (D a)
>     		  (ADJP (ADV possibly) (ADJ important))
>     		  (N advantage)
>     		  (PP (P to)
>     		      (NP (PRO you))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Inherent reflexive (`NP-RFL`)

Reflexive pronouns with inherently reflexive verbs are labeled `NP-RFL`, in contrast to thematic reflexives, which are labeled by function (`-SBJ`, `-OB1`, `-OB2`, `-PRN`, etc.).

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Behave)
>     	  (NP-RFL (PRO yourself))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P whan)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBD sawe)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their) (N countenaunce)))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD dredde)
>               (NP-RFL (PRO hym))
>               (ADVP (ADV sore))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,203.3247))

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ And)
>                   (PP (ADV+P therfor))
>                   (VBI desmay)
>                   (NP-RFL (PRO you))
>                   (NEG not)
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,5.130))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		      (VBP assente)
>     		      (NP-RFL (PRO me)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seyde)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Arthure))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,39.1275))

#### Vocative (`NP-VOC`)

Vocatives are labeled `NP-VOC`. Accompanying interjections are treated as clause-level constituents rather than as constituents of the vocative NP.

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (NPR God))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (VBI grant)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO us))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (N serenity))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (INTJ O)
>               (NP-VOC (NPR Lord))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (VBI grant)
>     	  (CP-THT (C that)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			  (MD may)
>     			  (VB seek)
>     			  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     				  (VB love))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI say)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV so))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-VOC (NPR Ananda))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (ADVP (ADV Wel))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-VOC (PRO$ my) (N lord))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ulfius)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD shal)
>                   (VB seke)
>                   (NP-OB1 (NPR Merlyn)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.47))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-VOC (N Syr))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlyn)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP knowe)
>                   (NP-OB1 (Q al) (PRO$ your) (N hert)
>                           (NP-PRN (Q every) (N dele)))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.70))

#### NP with index

There are two exceptions to the requirement that clause-level NPs have a dash tag indicating function (but note that even here, the NP is not radically bare, but has an index):

- Associate of expletive subject

- NP extracted from another constituent

  An NP extracted from another constituent (phrase or clause) does not bear a dash tag, but is coindexed with a trace within the constituent from which it is extracted. If necessary, the function of the extracted NP is indicated on the trace. Examples include topicalization with preposition stranding, long-distance topicalization, and extraposition of an appositive or parenthetical.

#### Movement out of NP

As with movement out of ADJP and movement out of PP. movement out of NP is indicated by an `*ICH*` trace only when the word order leaves no alternative. Although this treatment may not always be correct, especially for later stages of the language, it simplifies the annotation system for English and facilitates comparisons with historical French.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (MD shall)
>               (VB blede)
>               (NP-OB1 (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (PRO$ hir) (N bloode)))
>     		  (D a) (N sylver) (N dysshefull)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,62.2048))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ ouerthwart) (N piece))
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-PRD (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (N lengthe)))
>     		  (NP (NUM .iij.) (NS cybytes))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                              (NP (D an) (NUM half)))))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,8.130))

### Prepositional phrase (`PP`)

See also Adverbial clause and Clausal complement of P.

- Movement out of PP
- AS X SAID, etc. (see Types of subordinate clauses)

In the absence of reliable criteria, our annotation system makes no distinction between complement and adjunct PPs.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (NS meanes)))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Uther))
>               (VBD send)
>               (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (D this) (N duk))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.9))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (MD wold)
>               (NEG not)
>               (VB assente)
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (D the) (N kynge)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.17))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD wille)
>               (NEG not)
>               (VB Come)
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (PRO$ your) (NS somons))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.25))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Thenne))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (Q all) (N haste)))
>               (VBD came)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Uther))
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (D a) (ADJ grete) (N hoost))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.38))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>               (PP (P within)
>                   (NP (ADJ forty) (NS dayes)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD wold)
>               (VB fetche)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>               (PP (RP oute)
>                   (P of)
>                   (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (HVP hath)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.33))

#### Movement out of PP

By default, pre-head complements of prepositions are treated as constituents of the PP, and movement out of PP is indicated only if the word order leaves no alternative.

>     ( (NP (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     		      (BEP are)
>     		      (VAN left)
>     		      (PP (P with)
>     			  (NP *T*-1))))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (NP-1 (Q Alle) (D +tyse))
>               (VBI be+tenk)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO +te))
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP *ICH*-1))
>               (ADVP-LOC (ADV inwardly))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (PRO$ +tyn) (CODE <P_55>) (N herte)))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,55.883))

>     ( (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>               (C that)
>               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                       (BEP am)
>                       (VAN gurte)
>                       (PP (P withall)
>                           (NP *T*-1))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1484))

>     ( (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>               (C that)
>               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                       (BED was)
>                       (ADJP-PRD (Q muche)
>                                 (ADJ beholdynge)
>                                 (PP (P to)
>                                     (NP *T*-1)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1606))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (WPP-1 (RP Oute) (P of)
>     				 (WNP (WD what) (N courte)))
>     			  (IP-SUB (BEP be)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     				  (VBN com)
>     				  (PP (P fro)                   ← doubled preposition
>     				      (PP *T*-1))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seyde)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Balyn))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1682))

Although the trace of passivized constituents is not normally indicated, it is in the case of passivization from PP. See Trace of A-movement for examples.

### Quantifier phrase (`QP`)

In general, QP does not occur at the clausal level. There are two exceptions:

- when a bare QP is extracted out of a phrase (usually `ADJP` or `ADVP`); see Measure phrase for discussion and examples.
- when the QP is serving the same function as a floated quantifier

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >     	  (VBD went)
  >     	  (QP (Q both)
  >     	      (PP (P of)
  >     		  (NP (PRO them))))
  >     	  (ADVP (ADV together))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID AUTHOLD-1611-E2-H,22,1G.785))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >     	  (VBD tooke)
  >     	  (QP (Q euery) (N man))
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N rod))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID AUTHOLD-1611-E2-H,17,1N.1220))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >     	  (BEP are)
  >     	  (QP (Q many)
  >     	      (PP (P of)
  >     		  (NP (PRO them))))
  >     	  (NP-PRD (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ notable))
  >     		  (NS theeues))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID COVERTE-1612-E2-H,45.309))

### Verb phrase (`VP`)

Although our annotation scheme does not generally include a VP node, there are three cases where the boundaries of the VP are clear and where omitting VP creates more problems than it solves:

- VP topicalization
- VP extraction out of subordinate clauses
- VP in parentheticals of the type THAT IS, THAT IS TO SAY/UNDERSTAND

#### VP topicalization

>     ( (IP-MAT (VP-1 (VB Go)
>     		(PP (RP out)
>     		    (P of)
>     		    (NP (PRO$ their) (N way))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV sometimes))
>     	  (HV have)
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		  (VP *ICH*-1))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (VP (VB hyde)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hem)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (MD wolden))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,24.738))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ Ach)
>               (VP (VB totin)
>                   (RP vt)
>                   (PP (P wi+d_uten)
>                       (NP (N uuel))))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD mei)
>               (NP-SBJ (NP-COM (PRO$ ouwer))
>                       (Q nou+der))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.43.381))

>     ( (IP-MAT (VP (VP (VB sauuen)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO ow) (N seoluen)))
>                   (CONJ (CONJ &)
>                         (VP (VB maten)
>                             (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>                             (ADVP (ADVR betere)))))
>               (NEG ne)
>               (MD mu+ge)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>               (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (Q nane) (N wise))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.78.915))

>     ( (IP-MAT-1 (CONJ bot)
>                 (VP (VB gange)
>                     (PP (P fra)
>                         (NP (N stede)))
>                     (PP (P til)
>                         (NP (N stede))))
>                 (MD wil)
>                 (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai)))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,4.114))

#### VP extraction from subordinate clause

>     ( (PP (VP-1 (VB go)
>     	    (PP (RP out)
>     		(P of)
>     		(NP (PRO$ their) (N way))))
>           (P though)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (MD might)
>     		      (HV have)
>     		      (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			      (VP *ICH*-1))))))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBD left)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO hir))
>               (ADJP-SPR (ADJ a-loon)
>                         (PP (P a-mong)
>                             (NP (PRO hem))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP (VP-1 (VB cheys)
>                         (NP-RFL (PRO hir)))
>                   (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (WADVP-2 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-2)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
>                                   (MD cowde)
>                                   (VP *ICH*-1)))))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,27.600))

#### VP in parenthetical of the type THAT IS (TO SAY/UNDERSTAND)

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You))
>     	  (MD should@)
>     	  (NEG @n't)
>     	  (VB risk)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N health))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (D that))
>     		      (BEP is)
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (VP (VB smoke) (CONJ or) (VB drink)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD woll)
>               (VB taken)
>               (NP-OB1 (N ensampull)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (NPR Seynt) (NPR Paule))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (D +tat))
>                           (BEP ys)
>                           (PUNC ,)
>                           (VP (VP (VP (VB leue)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (N pryde)))
>                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                          (VP (BE be)
>                                              (ADJP-PRD (ADJ meke)))))
>                               (PUNC ,)
>                               (CONJP (VP (VP (VB leue)
>                                              (NP-OB1 (N synne)))
>                                          (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                                 (VP (BE be)
>                                                     (ADJP-PRD (ADJ bysy)
>                                                               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                                                       (VB amende))))))))))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,55.1553))

### Unknown (`XX`)

The label `XX` is used to annotate structures that are ungrammatical or otherwise unknown or difficult to determine - for instance, because of damage to the manuscript. Within a passage labeled `XX`, words are usually labeled, and partial structure may be provided to the extent that it is clear. However, unlike in the case of `FRAG`, the parts do not form a coherent whole.

>     ( (XX (ADJ utwart)
>           (PP (P wi+d)
>               (NP (PRO$ hire) (N heorte)))
>           (PUNC .)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                       (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP-1 (PRO hit))
>                               (VBP bi_time+d)
>                               (ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
>                               (NP-MSR (QS mest)))))
>           (PUNC .)
>           (C +tt)
>           (VBP gan)
>           (NP (D +te) (NS wittes))
>           (RP ut))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.133.1764))

>     ( (XX (QP (ADVR zuo) (Q moche))
>           (PUNC /)
>           (C +tet)
>           (PP (P to)
>               (NP (D +te) (N herte)
>                   (PUNC /)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                      (NP (D +te) (ADJ enuious)))))
>           (PUNC /)
>           (NP (NS +to+gtes) (ADJ uenimouses)
>               (PUNC /)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (ADJ uals) (N dom))))
>           (PUNC /)
>           (CP-DEG (C +tet)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>                           (NEG ne)
>                           (NP-OB1 (PRO hise))
>                           (MD may)
>                           (VB telle)))
>           (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,27.421))

>     ( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Tyb) (CODE <$$font>)))
>     	  (IP-MAT-1 (NP-OB1 (D That))
>     		    (NP-SBJ (PRO ch@))
>     		    (MD @al)
>     		    (VB *)
>     		    (NP-VOC (NPR gammer))
>     		    (XX (X swythe) (CONJ and) (X tyte)))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     		 (IP-MAT=1 (ADVP-TMP (ADV sone))
>     			   (BE be)
>     			   (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))
>     			   (ADVP (ADV agayne))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID STEVENSO-1558-E1-H,10.74))

### Words as clausal constituents

- Adverb (`ADV`)
- Adverbial particle (`RP`)
- Floated quantifier (`Q`)
- Focus particle (`FP`)
- Negation (`NEG`)
- Verb or modal
  - FOR TO infinitives
  - OUGHT TO
  - Participle

#### Adverb

It is apparently possible for adverbs to scramble out of other phrases and become daughters of IP. Some instances look like errors in the original, but we have not attempted to emend the text.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (NP-ADT (D that)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (BEP is)
>     				  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ worthy)
>     					    (PP (P of)
>     					        (NP (N memorie)))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (QP (ADV *ICH*-3)
>     		      (Q all))
>     		  (D thies)
>     		  (NS giuers))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (ADV-3 almost)
>     	  (NP-PRD (NPRS Northenmen)
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID ASCH-1566-E1-H,54R.142))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The)
>     		  (CODE <font>)
>     		  (N+N Husbandman)
>     		  (CODE <$$font>)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO$ whose) (N occupation))
>     			  (C 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (BEP is)
>     				  (NP-PRD (D the)
>     					  (ADJ generall)
>     					  (NS affaires)
>     					  (PP (P of)
>     					      (NP (D the) (ADJ common) (N wealth)))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (PP (P as)
>     	      (FRAG (FRAG (NP (Q some))
>     			  (PP (P to)
>     			      (NP (D the) (NS Markets))))
>     		    (PUNC ,)
>     		    (CONJP (FRAG (NP (Q some))
>     				 (PP (P to)
>     				     (NP (D the) (N Citie)))))
>     		    (PUNC ,)
>     		    (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			   (FRAG (NP (Q some))
>     				 (PP (P to)
>     				     (NP (D the)
>     					 (NS seates)
>     					 (PP (P of)
>     					     (NP (N Iustice)))))))))
>     	  (PUNC ;)
>     	  (MD must)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV necessarilie))
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (VAN imploied)
>     	  (ADV-2 almost)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (ADJP (ADV *ICH*-2)
>     			(ADJ continuall))
>     		  (N trauell)))
>               (PUNC :))
>       (ID MARKHAM-1615-E2-H,1,71.7))

#### Adverbial particle

Adverbial particles do not generally project a phrase. When following nouns as modifiers, they are treated as nonverbal predicates of reduced relative clauses. See Reduced relative clause for examples. When modified by measure phrases, they exceptionally project a directional or locative `ADVP`. See Measure phrase of distance for examples.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (ADV+P therwith))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD yelde)
>               (RP up)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N ghost))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.178))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (ADV+P Therwithalle))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Ector))
>               (VBD assayed)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB pulle)
>                       (RP oute)
>                       (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerd))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.253))

Particles immediately preceding a PP are attached low if the meaning allows. See Modifier of PP for examples.

#### Floated quantifier

See also clause-level QP. Phrases that are ambiguous between an ordinary subject and a floated quantifier are treated by default as subjects.

Floated quantifiers are labeled `Q` without a phrase label. The connection to the phrase that they quantify, which is usually the subject, is not made explicit.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (BEP are)
>     	  (Q all)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ happy)
>     		    (PP (P with)
>     			(NP (D the) (N result))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (PP (ADV+P +terof))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
>               (VBD maden)
>               (Q al)
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ gret) (N ioye))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,122.3705))

If there is no other possible interpretation, quantifiers in non-floated positions are also labeled `Q` at the clausal level.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (BED wern)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ barayne))
>               (Q bo+te)
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,15.433))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tay))
>               (BED werne)
>               (VAN rayset)
>               (Q all))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,8.199))

#### Focus particle

Focus particles attach by default as low as possible given the meaning, but clause-level attachment is possible.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP Even) (D a) (N card))
>     	  (MD would)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D a) (ADJ welcome) (N gesture))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (BEP are)
>     	  (FP only)
>     	  (VAG asking)
>     	  (PP (P for)
>     	      (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N favor)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Negation

Negation never projects a phrase.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (MD wille)
>               (NEG not)
>               (VB Come)
>               (PP (P at)
>                   (NP (PRO$ your) (NS somons))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.25))

#### Verb or modal

Verbs and related categories are generally labeled only at the word level, but see Verb phrase for exceptions.

#### FOR TO infinitive

FOR and TO each have their own special word tag, but as with other verbal material, no further structure is indicated. See also Elided FOR and TO in conjoined infinitive.

>     ( (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for)
>                   (TO to)
>                   (HV have)
>                   (VBN distressid)
>                   (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D the) (N$ kynges))
>                           (N hooste)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.89))

>     ( (IP-INF (FOR for)
>               (TO to)
>               (VB nourisshe)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N child))
>               (PP (ADV lyke)
>                   (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
>                                   (VBD desyred)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.145))

#### OUGHT TO

OUGHT TO is always annotated without `IP-INF`, whether in personal or impersonal construction, as if OUGHT TO were a simple modal.

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ But)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     		      (MD ought)
>     		      (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
>     		      (TO to)
>     		      (BE be)
>     		      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ hevy)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seyde)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlion))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,35.1109))

In impersonal constructions, this can result in clauses with two instances of `NP-OB2`, which are not otherwise possible.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P if)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tay))
>                                   (BEP be)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ dede)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO thaym))
>               (MD awe)						← impersonal OUGHT
>               (TO to)
>               (VB helpe)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ +taire) (NS sawles))
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (NS almous_dedes) (CONJ and) (NS prayers)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMROLLTR-M24,11.297))

#### Participle

At the clausal level, participles occur as complements of passive auxiliaries and copular verbs, in reduced relative clauses, in small clauses, and in absolute clauses.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD may)
>                   (NEG nat)
>                   (BE be)
>                   (VAN delyverde)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (D thys) (N swerde)))
>                   (PP (P but)
>                       (PP (P by)
>                           (NP (D a) (N knyght))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1485))

>     ( (NP (NP (PRO$ her) (NS shyldis))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (PRO$ her) (NS swerdis)))
>           (RRC (ADJP-SPR (ADJ redy))
>                (VAN drawyn)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,203.3250))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N castell)
>           (RRC (VAN called)
>                (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>                        (NP-PRD (NPR Camelot)))
>                (PP (P in)
>                    (NP (D tho) (NS dayes)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1476))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (CONJ but)
>                   (PP (P with)
>                       (NP (N falshede)))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                   (MD wolde)
>                   (HV have)
>                   (HVN had)
>                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
>                           (VAN slayne)
>                           (PP (P with)
>                               (NP (N treson))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,206.3370))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N fende))
>               (VBD felte)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO hym))
>                       (ADVP (ADVR so))
>                       (VAN charged)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,664.4727))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (VBD flowe)
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (D the) (N elme)))
>               (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>                           (VB take)
>                           (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hir) (N perche)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS lunes))
>                       (VAN overcast)
>                       (PP (P aboute)
>                           (NP (D a) (N bowghe))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,205.3317))

Perfect participles occur mainly with HAVE, but also occasionally with BE (HE IS COME). In doubtful cases, the default is BE (for ease of retrieval).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO She@))
>     	  (BEP @'s)                 ← default BE
>     	  (VBN arrived)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV So))
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (VBD rode)
>                                   (PP (P to)
>                                       (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))))
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay))
>               (HVD had)
>               (VBN lost)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N suerd))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,8.210))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR syre) (NPR Ector))
>               (BED was)
>               (VBN come))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.145))

Present participles occur after BE, in reduced relative clauses, in participial clauses, and in absolute clauses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N water))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (VAG boiling)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N yoman) (N porter)
>           (RRC (VAG kepyng)
>                (NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS keyes))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,193.2845))

>     ( (IP-PPL (VAG rushing)
>     	  (PP (P towards)
>     	      (NP (PRO them)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD saw)
>     	  (IP-PPL-OB1 (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
>     		      (VAG coming))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADV Than))
>               (VBD departed)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Percivale))
>               (PP (P frome)
>                   (NP (PRO$ hys) (N awnte)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ (Q aythir))
>                       (VAG makyng)
>                       (NP-OB1 (ADJ grete) (N sorow)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,659.4580))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ for)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (PRO$ his) (N strengthe)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                  (NX (N hardinesse)))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP know)
>                   (NP-1 (PRO hym))
>                   (NEG nat)
>     	      (IP-ABS (NP-SBJ *ICH*-1)
>     		      (VAG lyvynge))
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N macche))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,51.1668))

### Extended tags

- Left dislocation (`-LFD`)
- Resumptive element (`-RSP`)
- Appositive or parenthetical (`-PRN`)
  - Parenthetical IP (`IP-MAT-PRN`) (see also Gapping and Right-node raising)
    - Aside
    - Bare reason adjunct
    - Parenthetical with elision
    - SAID X (see Direct speech)
    - THAT IS
  - AS X SAID (see Types of subordinate clauses)
- Direct speech (`-SPE`)

#### Left dislocation (`-LFD`)

Left-dislocated constituents have a matching resumptive constituent (`-RSP`) in the body of the clause. The left-dislocated and the resumptive constituents are not coindexed since with very rare exceptions, there is only one `-LFD/-RSP` pair per clause. Fronted constituents without a resumptive counterpart whose grammatical function is unclear are labeled `NP-ADT`.

#### Left-dislocated NP

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-LFD (NPR Bleobris)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED was)
>                                       (NP-PRD (N+N godson))
>                                       (PP (P unto)
>                                           (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Bors))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO he))
>               (VBD bare)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (ADJ chyeff) (N standard))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,25.767))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-LFD (D the) (ADJ comoun) (N peple)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (MD wolde)
>                                       (VB putte)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (NP (PRO$ here) (NS bodyes))
>                                               (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                                      (NP (PRO$ here) (N catell))))
>                                       (IP-INF-PRP (FOR for) (TO to)
>                                                   (VB conquere)
>                                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO$ oure) (N heritage))))))
>               (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO +tei))
>               (MD may)
>               (NEG not)
>               (DO don)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (PP (P withouten)
>                   (NP (D the) (NS lordes)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,3.30))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO who))
>                                   (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                           (VBP holdeth)
>                                           (PP (P ageynst)
>                                               (NP (PRO it))))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                   (MD wille)
>                   (VB slee)
>                   (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO hym))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,11.302))

#### Right-dislocated NP

`-LFD` is also used for cases of right dislocation, which are relatively rare in English (by comparison to historical French).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO They))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB need)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q some) (ADJ additional) (N assistance))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-LFD (D the) (NS beginners))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

#### Left-dislocated phrase other than NP

See also Differences among the corpora.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LFD (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV wherever))
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     				    (VBP go))))
>     	  (ADVP-LOC-RSP (ADV there))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     	  (BEP are)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LFD (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (WADV where))
>                                 (C 0)
>                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
>                                         (NP-SBJ (Q moche) (N turmentynge))
>                                         (BEP is)
>                                         (PP (P by)
>                                             (NP (N affliccyon)))
>                                         (PP (P in)
>                                             (NP (N flesshe))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP-LOC-RSP (ADV there))
>     	  (NP-SBJ=3 *exp*)
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (PUNC /)
>     	  (NP-3 (QP (Q litel)
>     		    (CONJP *ICH*-2))
>     		(ADJ flesshly) (N delectacyon)
>     		(CONJP-2 (CONJ or)
>     			 (Q noon)))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,11.291))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CP-THT-LFD (C +tat)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                   (PP (P wid)
>                                       (NP (PRO +taim)))
>                                   (MD may)
>                                   (VB ga)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR god))
>               (VBP gif)
>               (NP-OB1-RSP (PRO it))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO us))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,5.119))

In general, it is phrases, and not words, that are marked as resumptive. Fronted verbs in free relatives are exempt from this general rule. In order to conform, possessive resumptive pronouns are exceptionally bracketed as `NP-POS`.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                   (NP-LFD (PRO he)
>                           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                           (HVP hath)
>                                           (VBN slayne)
>                                           (NP-OB1 (PRO hym)))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (VBP know)
>                   (NEG nat)
>                   (NP-OB1 (NP-POS-RSP (PRO$ his))			← resumptive possessive pronoun
>                           (N name))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,202.3217))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (SUCH swich) (N ful+de))
>                                       (VBP spit)
>                                       (RP ut)
>                                       (PP (P in)
>                                           (NP (NP-POS (Q ani) (N$ ancre))
>                                               (NS earen))))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>               (MD schulde)
>               (VB dutten)
>               (NP-OB1 (NP-POS-RSP (PRO$ his))			← resumptive possessive pronoun
>                       (N mu+d))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (PP (PP (NEG naut)
>                       (P mid)
>                       (NP (ADJ scharpe) (NS sneates)))
>                   (CONJP (CONJ ach)
>                          (PP (P mid)
>                              (NP (ADJ harde) (NS fustes)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.66.707))

In PPs with resumptive R-pronoun complements, the entire PP bears the `-RSP` tag (in other words, we don't split THERE words).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (PRO$ my) (N country))
>     	  (PP-RSP (ADV+P thereof))                              ← resumptive THERE word
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB sing)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-LFD (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tt)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (DOD dude)
>                                       (NP-OB2 (NPR iob)))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV eauer))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD nom)
>               (NP-OB1 (N leaue))
>               (PP-RSP (ADV+P +terof))			        ← resumptive THERE word
>               (PP (P ed)
>                   (NP (PRO$ ure) (NPR lauerd)))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.170.2357))

#### Resumptive element (`-RSP`)

Resumptive elements form a pair with dislocated constituents. See Left dislocation for examples.

#### Appositive or parenthetical (`-PRN`)

The extended label `-PRN` can be attached to phrasal or clausal labels and indicates either an appositive or a parenthetical. If the appositive/parenthetical constituent immediately follows its co-constituent, it is included in the co-constituent's brackets.

>     ( (NP (D the) (N duke)
>           (NP-PRN (PRO$ her) (N husband)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.18))

>     ( (NP (Q al) (PRO$ your) (N hert)
>           (NP-PRN (Q every) (N dele)))	← every part
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.70))

>     ( (NP (NPR god)
>           (NP-PRN (PRO+N him-selfe)))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,26.885))

>     ( (NP (D +te) (N Kyng)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (NPR Fraunce)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (NP-PRN (NPR Agampe)))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,17.512))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ owen) (N cosyn)
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C +tat)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (BED was)
>                           (NP-PRD (NP-POS (PRO$ his) (N$ Vncles))
>                                   (N sone))))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (NP-PRN (D a)
>                   (ADJP (ADJ noble)
>                         (CONJP *ICH*-2))
>                   (N kny+gt)
>                   (CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
>                            (ADJ stronge)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
>                   (C +tat)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (MAN me))
>                           (VBD callede)
>                           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                                   (NP-PRD (NPR Maximian))))))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,42.1280))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P $aftir)
>                   (NP (D the) (N haste)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (NS lettirs)))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBD gaff)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO hem))
>               (NP-OB1 (D thys) (N answere)
>                       (CP-THT-PRN (C that)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                           (MD wolde)
>                                           (VB fulfille)
>                                           (NP-OB1 (D $the) (N desire)
>                                                   (PP (P of)
>                                                       (NP (NP-POS (NPR kyng) (NPR$ Arthurs))
>                                                           (N wrytynge)))))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.488))

If separated from its co-constituent, the appositive/parenthetical is coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace within the co-constituent. In that case, as usual, only the trace bears the extended tag. The two most common types are extraposed NP appositives and clauses (usually THAT clauses) appositive to demonstratives (usually THIS or THAT).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q Some)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D the) (NS students)))
>     		  (NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB need)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (Q some) (ADJ additional) (N assistance))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-1 (D the) (NS beginners))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PP (P If)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D thys))
>                                       (BEP be)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ sothe)))))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I)
>                           (NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
>                   (MD woll)
>                   (VB assay)
>                   (NP-1 (PRO$+N myselffe))
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)
>                           (VB draw)
>                           (RP oute)
>                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (N swerde))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1493))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (D that))
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-PRD (D thys)
>                       (CP-THT-PRN *ICH*-1))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (ADVP (ADV shortly))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (CONJ neyther)
>                                         (NP (PRO he))
>                                         (CONJP (CONJ nor)
>                                                (NP (PRO$ his) (N wyf))))
>                                 (MD wold)
>                                 (NEG not)
>                                 (VB come)
>                                 (PP (P at)
>                                     (NP (PRO hym)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.29))

#### Parenthetical IP (`IP-MAT-PRN`)

Besides gapping and right-node raising, which are discussed separately, there are several other types of parenthetical IPs:

- Aside
- Bare reason adjunct (THE RIVER FROZE, IT WAS SO COLD)
- Parenthetical with elision
- SAID X (see Direct speech)
- THAT IS and the like

Structures that are ambiguous between an analysis involving extraction out of a subordinate clause (even out of an adjunct) and one involving a parenthetical are treated by default as instances of extraction. This is similar in spirit to our treatment of tokens that are ambiguous between extraction and pied piping.

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP-1 (P Of)					← like this
>                     (NP (D this)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP believe)
>               (CP-THT (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		          (HVP have)
>     		          (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N clue)
>     		                  (PP *ICH*-1))))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP-1 (P Of)			 		← not like this
>                     (NP (D this)))
>               (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	    	      (VBP believe))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (HVP have)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N clue)
>                       (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (PUNC .)))

#### Aside

Asides surrounded on both sides by parts of another clause are labeled `IP-MAT-PRN`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ But)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N woman)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C that)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                       (BED was)
>                                       (VAN accused))))
>               (PUNC -)
>     	  (IP-MAT-PRN (ADVP-LOC (ADV elsewhere))
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     		      (VBP read)
>     		      (CP-THT (C that)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ her) (N name))
>     				      (BED was)
>     				      (NP-PRD (NPR Mary) (NPR Magdalene)))))
>               (PUNC -)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR Christ))
>               (VBD pardoned)
>               (PUNC .)))

#### Bare reason adjunct

Bare reason adjuncts are labeled `IP-MAT-PRN`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N river))
>               (VBD froze)
>               (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                           (BED was)
>                           (ADJP-PRD (ADVR so) (ADJ cold)))
>               (PUNC .)))

#### Parenthetical with elision

Parentheticals can exhibit elision, notably when they elaborate on the immediately dominating clause. Such cases are also annotated as FRAG; the annotation is inconsistent.

>     ( (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (NUM Two) (NS men))
>     	    (VBP pass)
>     	    (RP by)
>     	    (PUNC -)
>     	    (IP-MAT-PRN=1 (IP-MAT-PRN=1 (NP-SBJ (D a) (N priest))
>     					(ADVP-TMP (ADV first)))
>     			  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     				 (IP-MAT-PRN=1 (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
>     					       (NP-SBJ (D a) (NPR Levite)))))
>     	    (PUNC .))
>       (ID TALBOT-1901-1,192.391))

>     ( (PP (P when)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N horse))
>     	      	        (VBP travels)
>     	                (NP-MSR (Q much))
>     	                (PUNC ,)
>     	   	        (IP-SUB-PRN=1 (ADVP (ADV especially))
>     			              (PP (P on)
>     				          (NP (ADJ stony) (N ground)))))))
>       (ID TINDALL-1814-1,19.79))

#### THAT IS and the like

Glosses or expansions on words or phrases introduced by THAT IS, THAT IS TO SAY/UNDERSTAND, and the like are labeled parenthetical clauses (`IP-MAT-PRN`). By the same token, TO WIT is treated as `IP-INF-PRN`. The gloss itself is treated as a complement of the lowest verb. The category of the gloss is usually `NP` or `PP`, but may be `VP` (see VP in parenthetical) or even `IP-MAT`.

>     ( (NP (D +te) (N concience)
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (D +te))
>                       (BEP is)
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (NP-PRD (D +te) (N inwit)
>                               (PP (PP (P of)
>                                       (NP (PRO$ +ti) (N +toht)))
>                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                          (PP (P of)
>     					 (NP (PRO$ +tin) (N heorte)))))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q+N No-man))
>               (MD may)
>               (VB $amende)
>               (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
>                                       (HVP ha+t)
>                                       (VBN despised))))
>               (PUNC -)
>               (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (D +tat))
>                           (BEP is)
>                           (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                   (VB seye)
>                                   (PUNC ,)
>                                   (PP (P wit-owte)
>                                       (NP (NP (ADJ gret) (N repentaunce)
>                                               (PP (P of)
>                                                   (NP (N man))))
>                                           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                                  (NP (ADJ special) (N grace)
>                                                      (PP (P of)
>                                                          (NP (NPR God)))))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,52.843))

#### Direct speech (`-SPE`)

See also Quotation phrase (`QTP`).

Full sentences of direct speech (matrix clauses, imperatives, and direct questions) are given the extended label `-SPE`, which follows any other tags (including, in some cases, `-SBJ`). The first main clause following a verb of saying is included in its matrix clause. Any following main clauses are separated (and also labeled `-SPE`). See Conjoined direct speech for examples.

The verb of saying governing the direct speech is dominated by `IP-MAT-PRN` only if surrounded by direct speech on both sides.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (ADVP (ADV Well))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD shall)
>                   (VB ordayne)
>                   (IP-INF-SPE (TO to)
>                               (VB wythstonde)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hys) (N malice)))
>                   (PUNC .)
>                   (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,45.1475))

Otherwise, the direct speech is taken as a complement of the verb of saying, even if it precedes the verb.

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
>     	  (VBD seyde)
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO It@))
>     		      (BEP @s)
>     		      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ true)))
>               (PUNC !)
>               (PUNC ')))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO Hit))
>     		      (BEP is)
>     		      (NP-PRD (N trouthe)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PUNC ')
>     	  (VBD seyde)                                             ← like this
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,180.2409))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO Hit))
>                   (BEP is)
>                   (NP-PRD (N trouthe))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)                             ← not like this
>                               (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Launcelot)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,180.2409))