## Treatment of individual words

For treatment of proper nouns, see proper nouns and especially Unique entities.

> A ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E ⋅ F ⋅ G ⋅ H ⋅ I ⋅ J ⋅ K ⋅ L ⋅ M ⋅ N ⋅ O ⋅ P ⋅ Q ⋅ R ⋅ S ⋅ T ⋅ U ⋅ V ⋅ W ⋅ X ⋅ Y ⋅ Z ⋅ +T

### A

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
>               (HVP a)			← A = subjunctive HAVE
>               (NP-OB1 (N mercy))
>               (PUNC !)))

### ABOARD

ABOARD and its variants are treated as illustrated below. See also AMID.

>     (PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
>         (NP (N board)			    (NP (N ship)))
>             (NP-COM (N ship))))

>     (PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
>         (NP (N board)			    (PP (P of)
>             (PP (P of)				(NP (D the) (N ship))))
>                 (NP (D the) (N ship)))))

### ABOUT

ABOUT in adverbial use is tagged `ADV`. See Number phrase (`NUMP`) for a common instance.

>     (NP-TMP (ADV about) (D the) (ADJ same) (N time))

ABOUT as a raising predicate is treated as the head of a prepositional phrase.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (BEP is)
>               (PP (P about)
>                   (IP-INF (TO to)
>                           (VB rain)))
>               (PUNC .)))

### ADIEU

ADIEU can be tagged as `INTJ` or as `N`.

>     (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJ Adieu))
>             (PUNC ,)
>             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>             (VBD murmured))

>     (IP-INF (TO to)
>             (VB bid)
>             (NP-OB2 (Q+ONE someone))
>     	(NP-OB1 (N adieu)))

### ADO

### ADOWN

### AFAR

### AFORESAID

AFORESAID is always treated as a unitary adjective, even in the collocation AS AFORESAID.

### AGAIN

See also ONCE AGAIN.

>     (ADVP (ADV again)		← no -TMP

### AGO

AGO is treated as a temporal adverb (despite being derived from AGONE, originally the predicate of an absolute small clause).

>     (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (D a) (N week))
>               (ADV ago))

### ALIVE

### ALL

See also ALBEIT.

ALL is always tagged `Q`, but it is not always easy to distinguish its floated quantifier use from its adverbial/intensive use. We therefore (attempt to) apply the following default rules.

- In the floated quantifier position, ALL is labeled `Q` at the clausal level if the subject is plural or collective.
- When immediately preceding a preposition or adverbial particle (ALL OVER THE PLACE, ALL OVER), ALL is treated as part of the PP or AdvP, if that fits with the meaning.
- Otherwise, ALL is labeled `ADVP`, as in the following examples.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ hyhe) (N masse))
>               (BEP be)
>               (ADVP (Q all))
>               (DAN done))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.197))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Gryfflettis) (N spere))
>               (ADVP (Q all))
>               (VBD to-shevirde))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,38.1206))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hir) (N horse))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADVP (Q all))
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ beswette))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,626.3508)))

### ALL BE IT (THAT), ALBEIT

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### ALL BUT

When used as a sort of qualifier, ALL BUT is treated as a measure phrase as follows:

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (MD will)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (Q all)
>                                 (PP (P but)))
>                         (ADJ overjoyed)
>     		    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		    	    (VB see)
>     	   		    (NP-OB1 (PRO you))))
>               (PUNC .)))

### ALONE

When ALONE can be paraphrased by ONLY, it is tagged as a focus particle (FP).

>     He is all alone/ADJ .

>     alone/ADJ of all the children

>     God alone/FP knows .

### ALONGSIDE

Treated like ABOARD, AMID.

### ALSO See also ALSWA, NOT (ONLY) X BUT (ALSO) Y.

ALSO has its own tag (`ALSO`). In conjunction structures, it attaches as a sister of the conjunction.

>     ( (NP (NP (N fruit))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     	     (ALSO also)
>     	     (NP (NS nuts)))))

>     ( (NP (NP (N fruit))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     	     (NP (NS nuts))
>     	     (ALSO also))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (HVP have)
>     	  (ALSO also)
>     	  (VBN seen)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJR smaller) (NS ones))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

Middle English EKE is treated the same way.

>     ( (NP (ADJ gret)
>           (N bysynesse)
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     	     (ALSO eke)
>     	     (NX (N trauayle))))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,54.881))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P Of)
>                   (NP (D this) (N roote)))
>               (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*)
>               (ALSO eek)
>               (VBP spryngeth)
>               (NP-1 (D a)
>     		(N seed)
>                     (PP (P of)
>     		    (NP (N grace)))))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,289.C2.48))

### ALSWA

Middle English ALSWA, the precursor of modern ALSO, appears in various reduced forms (ALS, ALSE, ALSO), which can be spelled together or apart. Unlike ASSWA, which is always treated as a unitary item, ALSWA is treated as written. When spelled together, it is generally the special word ALSO, tagged with its own tag `ALSO`.

ALSWA can be used as an adverb (= IN THAT WAY), either as a modifier or absolutely. It is then tagged `ADV` when spelled together and `al/Q swa/ADV` when separated.

>     +Gef +ge finde+d +tt +ge don alswa/ADV as +ge rede+d . +tonke+d god $. +georne

>     Riht alswo/ADV do +du

>     Al/Q swa/ADV me mai , mang alles kennes liues menn , sume gode and sume euele finden

>     Al/Q swo/ADV he de+d +to men +de sennen habbe+d forhaten te laten

ALSWA also has a prepositional use. It is then tagged `P` when spelled together and `al/Q swa/P` when separated. See also AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

>     for alswa/P weter acwenche+d fur ; alswa/ADV acwenche+d sunne

>     Luue +dine nexte al/Q swa/P +de seluen

>     Al/Q swa/P +de angel was +gedriuen ut of heuene riche for modinesse , swa was Adam

### ALTOGETHER

### AMEN

### AMID (and variants)

AMID and its variants are treated as follows. `NP-COM` is used only for the bare NP complement of MID when spelled separately. See also ABOARD.

>     (PP (P in)					(PP (P+N amidst)
>         (NP (N midst)			    	    (NP (NS difficulties))))
>             (NP-COM (NS difficulties)))))

>     (PP (P in)					(PP (P+N amidst)
>         (NP (N midst)				    (PP (P of)
>             (PP (P of)			  		(NP (NS difficulties)))))
>                 (NP (NS difficulties)))))

### AN

For cases ambiguous between `D` and `ONE`, the default is AN (`D`).

For AN meaning IF, see AND.

### AND

AND is generally tagged `CONJ`.

>     (CONJP (CONJ and)
>            (FRAG (ADVP (ADV so))
>                  (ADVP (ADV forth))))

>     (CONJP (CONJ and)
>            (FRAG (ADVP (ADV so))
>                  (RP on)))

>     ( (IP-MAT ...
>               (FRAG (CONJ and)
>                     (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                     (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                     (ADVP (ADV sincerely))
>                                     (VBP regret))))))

In numbers, AND now always forms part of the unitary number word.

>     two_hundred_and_fifty-four/NUM

AN(D) meaning IF is tagged `P`.

>     (PP (P and)
>         (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>                         (MD myghte)
>                         (VB please)
>                         (NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
>                         (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                                   (VB make)
>                                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
>                                           (NP-PRD (PRO$ his) (N quene))))))
>        (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.108))

### AND THAT gapping

The constituent dominating the entire sequence is FRAG.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD came)
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (FRAG (CONJ and)
>                     (NP (D that / this))
>     		(ADVP (ADV willingly)))
>               (PUNC .)))

### ANE

### ANOTHER

Treated as written.

### ANY MORE

>     ( (NP (QP (Q any / no) (QR more))
>           (NS problems))))

### APON

### AS (complementizer)

See also AS, SO (preposition).

AS is tagged `C` in the following (relatively rare) cases.

- in ordinary complement clauses (but not degree complement clauses), where modern standard English has THAT

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
  >     	  (VBP allow)
  >     	  (CP-THT (C as)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >     			  (VBP know)
  >     			  (NP-OB1 (PRO us))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
  >               (PP (P +ta)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
  >                                   (BED weren)
  >                                   (VAN iseten)
  >                                   (RP up))))
  >               (PUNC ;)
  >               (VBD sehen)
  >               (CP-THT (C as)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (NS engles))
  >                               (PP (P wi+d)
  >                                   (NP (NS smirles)
  >                                       (PP (P of)
  >                                           (NP (NS aromaz)))))
  >                               (VBD smireden)
  >     			  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hire) (NS wunden))))
  >     	  (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMKATHE-M1,38.318))

- in locative relative clauses, especially with THERE, THITHER, WHERE, etc.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
  >               (ADVP (ADV swa))
  >               (MD ach)
  >               (NP-SBJ (N ancre))
  >               (NP-ADV (PRO hire) (FP ane))
  >               (PP (P in)
  >                   (NP (ADJ anli)
  >                       (N stude)
  >                       (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
  >                               (C as)
  >                               (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
  >                                       (BEP is)))))
  >               (VB (VB chirmin) (CONJ &) (VB chiterin))
  >               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hire) (NS beoden))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.121.1541))

- in free relatives (THEY DO AS THEY ARE TOLD), mostly in Middle English, but continuing on into Modern English

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
  >     	  (DOP do)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-1 0)
  >     			  (C as)
  >     			  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >     				  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >     				  (BEP are)
  >     				  (VAN told))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

- in exclamations (presumably modeled on French QUE exclamatives)

  >     ( (CP-EXL (INTJ O)
  >               (PUNC ;)
  >               (NP-VOC (PRO$ mine) (ADJ Leoue) (NS sustren))
  >               (C as)
  >               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR eue))
  >                       (HVP haue+d)
  >                       (NP-OB1 (Q monie)
  >                               (NS dochtren)
  >                               (PUNC .)
  >                               (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >                                       (C +tt)
  >                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                               (VBP fole+ge+d)
  >                                               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hare) (N moder))))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.44.406))

- in the Cely letters in the PCEEC in an indirect question and in a comparative clause, each with doubly-filled COMP

### AS, SO (degree)

See also AS WELL AS, SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO, SO (THAT).

This item includes the first AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD or AS QUICKLY AS A CHEETAH. For the second AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

When modifying adjectives, adverbs, or quantifiers in comparative or degree contexts, AS (ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.) and SO (SE, SWA, etc.) are tagged `ADVR`. In these contexts, AS and SO can be paraphrased by TO SUCH A DEGREE/EXTENT.

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable)
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJ last) (N story)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ unbelievable)
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>     	            (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>                                 (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                 (MD may)
>                                 (VB sound))))))

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV comfortably)
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     	            (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                 (BED was)
>                                 (ADJP-PRD (ADJ possible)))))))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR as) (Q many))
>           (NS olives)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                       (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                               (VBP grow)
>                               (PP (P in)
>                                   (NP (NPR Greece))))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ simple))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR so) (Q many))
>           (ADJ good)
>           (NS examples)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ implausibe)
>             (CP-DEG (C that)
>                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                             (VBP defies)
>                             (NP-OB1 (N belief))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ merciful)
>             (IP-INF-DEG (TO to)			← -DEG because IP-INF is complement of
>     		    (VB forgive)                  licensing degree head (SO)
>                         (NP-OB1 (Q all) (PRO$ our) (NS sins)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ unbelievable)
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (IP-INF (TO to)			← no -DEG because of intervening non-degree AS
>                         (VB defy)
>                         (NP-OB1 (N belief))))))

When used as a sort of qualifier, AS GOOD AS or AS MUCH AS are treated as measure phrases as follows:

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N term))
>               (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-MSR (ADVR as) (ADJ good)
>                       (PP (P as)))
>               (RP over)
>               (PUNC .)))

### AS, SO, THAN (preposition)

See also AS WELL AS, ALSWA, ASSWA.

This item includes the second AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD and AS FAST AS A CHEETAH. For the first AS and for further examples with AS, see AS, SO (degree).

When (SUCH) AS introduces examples, it can take complements of essentially any syntactic category, including (exceptionally) `CP-THT`.

#### Examples with AS

>     ( (NP (SUCH such) (NS examples)
>           (PP (P as)
>     	  (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     			  (VBP arise))))))

>     ( (NP (NS problems)
>           (ADJP (ADJ such)
>     	    (PP (P as)
>     		(CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				(ADVP-TMP (ADV often))
>     				(VBP arise)))))))

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
>     	  (PP (P as)
>     	      (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			      (VBD did)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))

#### Examples with SO (only Middle English)

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (P Toward)
>                   (NP (NP-POS (D +te) (N$ preostes))
>                       (N tiden)))
>               (VBI hercni+d)
>               (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR se) (ADJ for+d))
>                       (PP (P se)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                           (NP-SBJ (PRO +ge))
>                                           (MD ma+gen)
>                                           (VB *)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.74.298))

>     ( (PP (ADV swa)
>           (P se)
>           (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                           (VBP for+geuest)
>                           (NP-OB2 (D +tam)
>                                   (NS monne)
>                                   (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
>                                           (C +te)
>                                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>                                                   (PP (P wi+d)
>                                                       (NP (PRO +te)))
>                                                   (VBP agulte+d)))))))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,39.495))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*)
>               (NEG N@)
>               (BEP @is)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>               (NP-1 (Q nan) (N ofrende))
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADVR swa)
>                         (ADJ lief)
>                         (PP (P swa)
>                             (NP (NP-POS (NP-POS (NPR$ godes))
>                                         (CONJP *ICH*-2))
>                                 (N luue)
>                                 (CONJP-2 (CONJ and)
>                                          (NP-POS (Q$ alre) (NS$ mannes))))))
>               (PUNC .)
>               (PUNC '))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,3.6))

#### Examples with THAN

>     ( (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ unscrupulous)
>     	(PP (P than)
>     	    (NP (PRO$ their) (NS predecessors)))))

>     ( (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ unscrupulous)
>     	(PP (P than)
>     	    (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
>     			    (NP-SBJ (PRO$ their) (NS predecessors))
>     			    (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
>     			    (BED were))))))

### AS FAR AS

>     ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as)
>     		(ADJ far))             ← implied empty nominal head (= DISTANCE)
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (NP (NPR London)))))

>     ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as)
>     		(ADJ far))
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (BEP am)
>                                   (VAN concerned))))))

>     ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR as)
>     		(ADJ far))
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                   (BEP is)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ reasonable)))))))

### AS IT WERE

AS IT WERE is always treated as parenthetical when WERE takes no complement. When WERE takes a complement, the PP generally receives no dash tag, but may be treated as parenthetical if warranted by the context.

>     (PP-PRN (P as)					← always parenthetical
>             (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                             (BED were))))
>     (PP (P as)					← parenthetical or not depending on context
>         (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                         (BED were)
>                         (PP (P with)
>                             (NP (NS hands))))))

### AS ... SO

### AS WELL AS

When AS WELL AS functions like the correlative conjunction BOTH ... AND, it is annotated as similarly as possible to a conjunction structure. The phrase corresponding to the first conjunct is enclosed in phrasal brackets of its own, and the entire structure is enclosed in brackets of that same category (with the possible addition of an appropriate dash tag). AS WELL always attaches as a daughter of the higher phrase. When AS WELL follows the "first conjunct" and the second AS phrase is adjacent to WELL (as becomes more frequent over time), AS WELL AS corresponds fairly transparently to an ordinary CONJP. In the source construction, AS WELL (AS) precedes the "first conjunct". The second AS phrase is then generally extraposed past the "first conjunct" and is linked to AS WELL via an *ICH* trace.

>     ( (PP (PP (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (ADVP (ADVR as)				← ADVP corresponds to CONJP;
>     	    (ADV well)				  AS WELL AS corresponds to CONJ
>     	    (PP (P as)
>     		(PP (P in)
>     		    (NP (NPR heaven)))))))

>     ( (PP (ADVP (ADVR as)				← extraposed PP corresponds to extraposed CONJP
>     	    (ADV well)
>     	    (PP *ICH*-1))
>           (PP (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (PP-1 (P as)
>     	    (PP (P in)
>     		(NP (NPR heaven))))))

>     ( (ADVP-LOC (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     		  (ADV well)
>     		  (PP *ICH*-1))
>     	    (ADVP (ADV here))
>     	    (PP-1 (P as)
>     		  (ADVP (ADV there)))))

>     ( (NP-SBJ (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     		(ADV well)
>     		(PP *ICH*-1))
>     	  (NP (PRO he))
>     	  (PP-1 (P as)
>     		(NP (PRO she)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-1 (ADVR as)
>     		  (ADV well)
>     		  (PP *ICH*-2))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (VBD fed)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADVP *ICH*-1)
>     		  (NP (D the) (ADJ young))
>     		  (PP-2 (P as)
>     			(NP (D the) (ADJ old))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (PP (P for)
>           (IP-PPL (IP-PPL (VAG buying)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (N wool)))
>     	      (ADVP (ADVR as) 	                    ← ADVP corresponds to CONJP;
>     		    (ADV well)			      AS WELL AS corresponds to CONJ
>     		    (PP (P as)
>     			(IP-PPL (VAG selling)
>     				(NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))

>     ( (PP (P for)
>           (IP-PPL-1 (VAG buying)
>     		(ADVP (ADVR as)
>     		      (ADV well)
>     		      (PP (P as)
>     			  (IP-PPL=1 (VAG selling))))
>     		(NP-OB1 (N wool)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     		    (VBD bought)
>     		    (NP-OB1 (N wool)))
>     	  (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     		(ADV well)
>     		(PP (P as)
>     		    (IP-MAT=1 (VBD sold)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	    (VBD bought)
>     	    (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     		  (ADV well)
>     		  (PP (P as)
>     		      (IP-MAT=1 (VBD sold))))
>     	    (NP-OB1 (N wool))
>     	    (PUNC .)))

Mixed conjunction structures are possible, where one conjunct of the correlative construction comes from BOTH ... AND and the other from AS WELL AS.

>     ( (PP (CONJ both)
>           (PP (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     	    (ADV well)
>     	    (PP (P as)
>     		(PP (P in)
>     		    (NP (NPR heaven)))))))

>     ( (PP (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     	    (ADV well))
>           (PP (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (PP (P in)
>     		 (NP (NPR heaven))))))

>     ( (PP (PP (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (PP (P in)
>     		 (NP (NPR heaven)))
>     	     (ADVP (ADVR as)                     ← AS WELL attaches like ALSO
>     		   (ADV well)))))

>     ( (PP (PP (NEG not)
>     	  (FP only)
>               (P on)
>     	  (NP (NPR earth)))
>           (CONJP (CONJ but)
>                  (PP (P in)
>     		 (NP (NPR heaven)))
>     	     (ADVP (ADVR as)                     ← AS WELL attaches like ALSO
>     		   (ADV well)))))

Doubtful (and extremely difficult) cases are annotated by default as ordinary comparative structures.

### ASLEEP

### ASSWA

Unlike ALSWA, ASSWA is always treated as a unitary adverb or preposition, as appropriate in context.

>     (ADV / P asswa)
>     (ADV / P as_swa)

### AY (see EVER)

### A+TET

A+TET (and variants) meaning UNTIL is treated as a unitary preposition.

### BACK

Locative or directional BACK is tagged `ADV`, not `RP`.

### BECAUSE

BECAUSE is treated as_written. When written apart, the clause following it is treated as a THAT complement of the noun CAUSE. When written together, the clause following it is treated as the `CP-ADV` complement of the complex head `P+N`.

>     ( (PP (P by)
>           (NP (N cause)
>               (CP-THT (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (VBD knewe)
>                               (NEG not)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sheld)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,68.2300))

>     ( (PP (P+N because)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                           (HVD had)
>                           (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N lady)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,63.2096))

### BESIDE(S)

### BID

BID takes both bare infinitive and TO infinitive complements. In the bare infinitive case, BID is treated as an inherent ECM verb on the grounds that the subject of the infinitive can be `*arb*` in Middle English.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the)		← postverbal NP = complement subject
>                               (NS grooms))
>                       (VB feed)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     			  (NS horses)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
>                       (VB feed)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     			  (NS horses)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

In the TO infinitive case, the ordinary criteria for deciding between ECM and object control apply. The postverbal noun phrase is treated as an indirect object because BID can be used as a ditransitive verb (see below).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (D the)		← object control; postverbal NP = matrix indirect object
>                       (NS grooms))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB feed)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (D the)
>     			  (NS horses)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D the)	← ECM because of passive complement
>     			  (NS horses))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (BE be)
>                       (VAN fed))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

TO BID S.O. FAREWELL / WELCOME is always treated as a ditransitive construction; if necessary, VERY is treated as an adjective.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ very) (N welcome))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>     	  (ADVP (ADV heartily))
>               (NP-OB1 (N farewell))))

### BOTH

BOTH is tagged `CONJ` when part of the correlative conjunction BOTH ... AND and `Q` otherwise. See also EITHER, NEITHER.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (CONJ both) (ADJ rich) (CONJ and) (ADJ poor))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (VAN invited)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (PP (P on)
>           (NP (Q both) (NS sides))))

### BUT

BUT can be tagged `CONJ` (the default), `FP,` or `P`.

>     (NP (NP (N meat))
>         (CONJP (CONJ but)
>                (NP (NEG not)
>     	       (NS vegetables))))

The distinction between the conjunction use and the other tso uses on the other is generally clear, but the distinction between the latter (`FP`, `P`) can be difficult. BUT is tagged as `P` if it can be replaced naturally by EXCEPT or THAN.

>     nobody but/P you		← not the NOT/NE ... BUT construction

>     nothing but/P blue skies	← not the NOT/NE ... BUT construction

>     a speech which I should not have mentioned, but/P as/C (= EXCEPT THAT) it shews
>     in so lively a view the wretched situation of his mind at that time

>     yet he had no sooner accepted it, but/P (= THAN) he was thrown into great perplexity

Where replacement by EXCEPT or THAN is not possible (or at least not natural), BUT is tagged `FP` and attached as low as possible. The most common case is the NOT/NE ... BUT construction, where NOT/NE + BUT is semantically equivalent to ONLY.

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (N treasure)
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     	      (C 0)
>     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     		      (VBD knew)
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (CP-THT (C 0)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				      (MD cou'd)
>     				      (NEG not)
>     				      (FP but)
>     				      (BE be)
>     				      (ADJP-PRD (ADV extremely)
>     						(ADJ dear)
>     						(PP (P to)
>     						    (NP (PRO him)))))))))
>       (ID BEHN-1668-E3-H,161.98))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This))
>     	  (MD can@)
>     	  (NEG @not)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (NP-PRD (FP but) (D a) (ADJ great) (N folly))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID BRINSLEY-1627-E2-H,45.189))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     	  (MD can@)
>     	  (NEG @not)
>     	  (FP but)
>     	  (VB make)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q all) (N+N Mankind))
>     		  (TO to)
>     		  (VB tremble))
>     	  (PUNC :))
>       (ID LISLE-1685-E3-H,IV,122C1.412))

Examples of the following sort are semantically distinct (the BUT seems semantically vacuous and syntactically equivalent to TO), but they are annotated the same way.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (MD will)
>               (NEG not)
>               (VB fayle)
>               (IP-INF (FP but)
>                       (VB remembre)
>                       (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO$ your) (N$ lordships))
>                               (N sute)
>                               (PP (P for)
>                                   (NP (D the) (ADJ forfayted))))))
>       (ID LEYCEST,413.3795))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>               (MD could)
>               (NEG not)
>               (VB stay)
>               (IP-INF (FP but)
>                       (VB salute)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO you))
>                       (PUNC ,)
>                       (PP (ADV togither)
>                           (P with)
>                           (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJ honorable) (N espouse)))))
>       (ID ROYAL1,60.593))

Inherently negative or questioning verbs (DENY, DOUBT, FEAR, HINDER, LET, MISTRUST, PREVENT, QUESTION) as well as other verbs or degree words when negated sometimes take finite clausal complements preceded by BUT. As in the NOT/NE ... BUT construction, BUT is tagged `FP` and attached low (that is, as part of the complement clause).

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV yet))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D that))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADV altogether)
>     		    (ADVR so)
>         	    	    (ADJ necessary)
>     		    (CP-DEG (FP but)
>     		   	    (C that)
>     		   	    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ADJ low) (NS Walls))
>        				    (MD may)
>     				    (VB serve)
>     				    (NP-OB1 (N turn)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID LANGF-1696-E3-H,127.312))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP doubt)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (CP-THT (FP but)
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (PP (P at)
>     			      (NP (ADJ yonder) (N tree)))
>     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			  (MD shall)
>     			  (VB catch)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N Chub))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID WALTON-1676-E3-H,215.147))

Relative clauses of the following type are treated similarly.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))
>          	  (BEP is)
>        	  (NP-1 (Q no)
>     		(N part)
>     		(PP (P of)
>     		    (NP (D the) (N skin)))
>                     (CP-REL (FP but)
>     		        (WNP-2 0)
>     			(C 0)
>     			(IP-SUB-4 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N blood))
>     			          (BEP is)
>     				  (VAN dispers'd)
>     				  (PP (P into)
>     				      (NP *T*-2))))))
>       (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-H,212.153))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV hardly))
>     	  (NP-1 (D a)
>     		(ADJ large)
>     		(N Feather)
>     		(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (D the)
>     		  (N wing)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D a) (N Bird)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-REL-2 (FP but)
>     		    (WNP-3 0)
>     		    (C 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>     			    (VBP contains)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (ADV neer) (D a) (N million)
>     				    (PP (P of)
>     					(NP (ADJ distinct) (NS parts))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID HOOKE-1665-E3-P2,166.177))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (ALSO also)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man)
>     		  (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ present))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-REL-2 (FP but)
>     		    (WNP-1 0)
>     		    (C 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     			    (ADVP (ADV wel))
>     			    (VBD knew)
>     			    (CP-THT (C that)
>     				    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N harme))
>     					    (BED was)
>     					    (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
>     					    (ADJP-PRD (SUCH such))
>     					    (PP (P since)
>     						(NP (PRO$ his) (N birth)))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID MORERIC-1513-E1-P2,48.91))

### CASE

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (N case)
>               (CP-THT (C that / 0)			← CP-THT, not CP-ADV
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                               (VBP come))))))

### CHURCH

### CITY

When used on its own to refer to the oldest part of London, CITY is tagged `NPR`. In collocation with OF LONDON, the referent of CITY is not always clear, and it is tagged `N` by default. Note the difference with TOWER.

>     ( (NP (D the) (NPR City)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N City)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (NPR London)))))

### CONSIDER

>     (IP-INF (TO to)
>             (VB consider)
>             (NP-OB1 (Q+N someone))
>             (PP (P as)
>                 (NP (D a) (N friend))))

### Copular verb

The following verbs count as copular verbs and license `-PRD` on their complements. They are also relevant in distinguishing between ECM and object control structures.

>     APPEAR, BE, BECOME, CHANCE, CONTINUE, FALL, FEEL, GET, GROW, KEEP, LOOK, PLEAD (in legal sense),
>     PROVE, REMAIN, SAVOR, SEEM, SHOW, SMELL, SOUND, STAY, TASTE, TURN, WAX

### COUPLE

See NP complement of N (`NP-COM`), and especially the discussion of COUPLE and similar nouns.

### DARE

### DATA

See Plurale tantum.

### DEAR

DEAR is tagged `ADJ` by default and as `NS` only when required by the presence of a plural ending.

>     ( (NP (ADJ Dear) (NPR Cassandra)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ My) (ADJ dear) (NPR Jane)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ My) (ADJ dear)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ My) (NS Dears)))

### DIRECTLY

>     ( (CP-ADV (ADV directly)
>               (C 0 / as / that / when)
>     	  (IP-SUB we heard the news)))

### DO

### DO WELL TO

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You))
>               (MD would)
>               (DO do)
>               (ADVP (ADV well))
>               (IP-INF-ADT (TO to)
>                           (VB make)
>                           (NP-OB1 (N reservations)))
>               (PUNC .)))

### DOUBLE

Treated as ordinal number)

.

### DOZEN

See also Number phrase (`NUMP`).

### EARLY

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV early)				← like this (ADV = head, PP = postmodifier)
>                 (PP (P in)
>     		(NP (D the) (N morning)))))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV late)
>                 (PP (P at)
>     		(NP (N night)))))

>     ( (PP (ADV early)				← not like this (P = head, ADV = premodifier)
>           (P in)
>           (NP (D the) (N morning))))

>     ( (PP (ADV late)
>           (P at)
>           (NP (N night))))

### EITHER

EITHER is tagged `CONJ` when part of the correlative conjunction EITHER ... OR and `Q` as a quantifier. There is also an adverbial use, in which EITHER does not precede the material that it takes semantic scope over. See also BOTH, NEITHER.

>     either/CONJ you or I should do the job .

>     either/CONJ you should do the job .  Or I should .

>     either/Q way

>     on either/Q side

>     I wouldn't do the job, either/ADV.

### EKE (see ALSO)

### ELSE

The word ELSE in the sequence OR ELSE is tagged with its own tag (`ELSE`).

>     ( (PP (PP (P with)
>               (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N spere)))
>           (CONJP (CONJ othir)
>     	     (ELSE ellis)
>     	     (PP (P with)
>     		 (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N swerde))))))

When it clearly means something like OTHER or OTHERWISE, it is tagged `ADJ` or `ADV`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV else))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D this) (N exposition))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ right))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### ENOUGH

Adverbial ENOUGH is synonymous with SUFFICIENTLY, but follows the dimension adjective. Even though ENOUGH is adjacent to the degree complement, the annotation is analogous to that for SUFFICIENTLY.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ warm)			← dimension adjective > degree modifier
>     	(ADVP (ADVR enough))
>     	(PP (P for)
>     	    (NP (N comfort)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV sufficiently)		← degree modifier > dimension adjective
>             (ADJ warm)
>     	(PP (P for)
>     	    (NP (N comfort)))))

Adjectival ENOUGH is a synthetic form corresponding to SUFFICIENTLY MANY/MUCH and is tagged `ADJR`. The annotation is analogous to the adverbial examples in the sense that the degree modifier, its modifiee, and the degree complement are all annotated as sisters. Unlike its adverbial counterpart, adjectival ENOUGH can precede its modifiee. The modified noun may be absent but is always implicit in the structure.

>     ( (NP (ADJR enough)         		← ENOUGH > noun
>           (NS clothes)
>           (PP (P for)
>     	  (NP (D a)
>     	      (N week)))))

>     ( (NP (NS clothes)			← noun > ENOUGH
>           (ADJP (ADJR enough))
>           (PP (P for)
>               (NP (D a)
>                   (N week)))))

>     ( (NP (ADJR enough)))			← implicit nominal head

ENOUGH can take finite or nonfinite degree complements. The infinitival counterparts of `CP-DEG` are annotated as simple `IP-INF-DEG`.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ loud)
>     	(ADVP (ADVR enough))
>     	(CP-DEG (C that / 0)			← finite complement
>     		(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     			(VBD damaged)
>     			(NP-OB1 (PRO$ their)
>                                     (N hearing))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ loud)
>     	(ADVP (ADVR enough))
>     	(IP-INF-DEG (TO to)			← nonfinite complement
>     		    (VB damage)
>     		    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ their)
>     			    (N hearing)))))

Nonfinite complements with gaps are treated as `CP-EOP`.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ cool)
>     	(ADVP (ADVR enough))
>     	(CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>     		(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			(TO to)
>     			(VB drink)))))

>     ( (NP (ADJR enough)
>           (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>     	      (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     		      (TO to)
>     		      (VB eat)))))

### ETC.

ETC. and its spelling variants are tagged `X`. It is not tagged `FW` because it has an OEDID entry.

### EVEN

Ordinarily, EVEN is tagged `FP`. But when it means CLOSE AT HAND (as it can in Middle English), it is tagged `ADV`.

>     ( (NP (D an)
>           (N ermytage)
>           (PP (ADV evyn)
>     	  (P by)
>     	  (NP (D a)
>     	      (N chyrcheyerde))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,61.2025))

### EVER

EVER is always tagged `ADV`.

>     (ADJP (ADV ever) (D the) (ADJR better))			← like NEVER THE WISER

### EVERY (and variants)

EVERY (with its variants), though derived from EVER-EACH, is always tagged as a unitary `Q`.

>     ( (PP (P Et)
>           (NP (D +te) (N biginning)
>     	  (PP (P of)
>     	      (NP (Q eauer_vh) (N tide))))))

>     ( (NP (Q eauer_euch) (N bruche)))

### EXCEEDING

EXCEEDING is ordinarily tagged `VAG`, but as `ADV` when it means EXCEEDINGLY.

>     ( (NP (D an) (ADJ exceeding) (N benefit)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV exceeding) (ADJ strange)))

### EXIT and the like (in stage directions)

EXIT in stage directions is tagged `VBP` since it is listed in the OED (in accordance with our convention regarding `FW`). The same goes for EXEAT and EXEUNT, except when the subject is in Latin.

>     ( (META (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>                     (VBP Exit / Exeat))
>             (PUNC .)))

>     ( (META (IP-MAT (VBP Exit / Exeat)
>                     (NP-SBJ (NPR Miss) (NPR Hoyden)))
>             (PUNC .)))

>     ( (META (IP-MAT (VBP Exeunt)
>                     (NP-SBJ (NPR Romeo) (CONJ and) (NPR Juliet)))
>             (PUNC .)))

>     ( (META (LATIN (FW Exeunt) (FW omnes / ambo))
>             (PUNC .)))

EXEANT is not listed as a headword in the OED and is hence tagged `FW`.

>     ( (META (FW Exeant)
>             (PUNC .)))

>     ( (META (LATIN (FW Exeant) (FW omnes / ambo))
>             (PUNC .)))

>     ( (META (IP-MAT (FW Exeant)
>                     (NP-SBJ (NPR Romeo) (CONJ and) (NPR Juliet)))
>             (PUNC .)))

### FAR

FAR is always tagged `ADJ` (like `LONG`). See NP measure phrases for the guidelines concerning adjectives used as measure phrases. AFAR is treated as a unitary variant of FAR. FARTHER and FURTHER are both treated as comparatives of FAR and tagged `ADJR` in all uses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD must)
>     	  (VB go)
>        	  (NP-MSR (ADJR further))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (ADJR further))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (VBP see)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ following) (N problem))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (CP-ADV (C that)
>               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	          (MD might)
>     		  (ADVP (D the) (ADVR better)		← ADVP because of BETTER in first conjunct
>     		        (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     			       (ADJX (ADJR farder))))
>     	          (BE be)
>     		  (VAN knowen)
>     		  (PP (P with)
>     		      (NP (N prayse)
>     		          (PP (P of)
>     			      (NP (ADJ vulgare) (NS folk)))))))
>       (ID BOETHEL-1593-E2-P1,15.115))

### FAREWELL

FAREWELL is always tagged as a unitary item, either as `INTJ` or `N`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJ farewell))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD murmured)))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB bid)
>               (NP-OB2 (Q+ONE someone))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (N farewell))))

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ fond) (N fare_well)))

### FAST

FAST in the sense of SHUT TIGHT is tagged `ADJ` and projects a predicate `ADJP`. Otherwise, FAST is tagged `ADV`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO She))
>     	  (VBD made)
>               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS gates))
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ fast)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB strive)
>               (ADVP (ADV fast) (CONJ and) (ADV furiously))))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB run)
>               (ADVP (ADVR faster))))

>     ( (PP (ADV fast)
>           (P+N asleep)))

>     ( (PP (ADV fast)
>           (P by)
>           (NP (D the) (N castle))))

>     ( (ADVP-LOC (ADV fast) (RP by)))

### FIRST

FIRST is never tagged as a superlative. It is tagged `ADJ` when used as an ordinal number and `ADV` when used as a temporal adverb.

>     (NP (D the) (ADJ first) (N time))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (NP (D the) (ADJ first)))		← note contrast with AT FIRST

>     (PP (P at)
>         (ADVP (ADV first)))			← note contrast with AT THE FIRST

>     (ADVP-TMP (ADV first))

>     (ADVP-TMP (ADV first)
>               (PP (P of)
>     	      (NP (Q all))))

### FOR

FOR can be an ordinary preposition or subordinating conjunction (`P`), an infinitive marker (`FOR`), or a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`). Where ambiguous between `FOR` and `P`, it is tagged `P` if construed with one of the verbs listed below, and as `FOR` otherwise.

>     ASK, ACHE, AIM, BURN, BURST, CALL, CARE, CLAMOUR, CONTEND, CRAVE,
>     HOPE, ITCH, LONG, PLAN, PREPARE, SUE, WAIT, YEARN

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (VBD called)
>     	  (PP (P for)
>     	      (NP (PRO him)))
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		  (VB solve)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
>               (MD would)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ desirable))
>     	  (IP-INF-1 (FOR for)
>     		    (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
>     		    (TO to)
>     		    (VB solve)
>     		    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N problem)))))

When used as a causal conjunction, FOR is generally tagged as a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`). It is tagged as a subordinating conjunction (`P`) in the following cases, which are essentially restricted to Middle English.

- When the clause is incomplete without the FOR clause because the cause expressed by the FOR clause is an integral part of the meaning, as in IT IS CALLED A ROSE FOR IT SMELLS SO SWEET.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
  >                   (NP (D +te) (N hei+gt)))
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >               (BEP is)
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P for)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                                   (BEP is)
  >                                   (PP (P wi+t)
  >                                       (NP (Q al) (D +te) (N my+gt)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (D +te) (N spirit))))))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,75.304))

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N si+gt))
  >               (MD may)
  >               (BE be)
  >               (NP-TMP (NP (Q any) (N tyme))
  >                       (PUNC ,)
  >                       (CONJP (CONJ or)
  >                              (PP (P in)
  >                                  (NP (Q any) (N +ting)))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (ADJP-PRD (QR more) (ADJ cleer)
  >                         (PP (P +ten)
  >                             (PP (P in)
  >                                 (NP (D+OTHER ano+ter)))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P for)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                                   (BEP is)
  >                                   (ADVP-TMP (ADV euermore))
  >                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ vnchaungable))))))
  >       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,89.527))

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS sterres)
  >                         (RRC (VAG sitting)
  >                              (PP (P within)
  >                                  (NP (D the) (N zodiak)
  >                                      (PP (P of)
  >                                          (NP (PRO$ thin) (N Astrelabie)))))))
  >               (BEP ben)
  >               (VAN clepid)
  >               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
  >                       (NP-PRD (NS sterres)
  >                               (PP (P of)
  >                                   (NP (D the) (N north)))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P for)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
  >                                   (VBP arise)
  >                                   (PP (P by)
  >                                       (NP (N northe)))
  >                                   (NP-DIR (D the) (N est) (N lyne)))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMASTRO-M3,667.C2.146))

- When followed by the complementizer THAT, in constructions with FORTHAN, FORTHI, and so on, or if it is clause-internal and thus clearly subordinate.

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N somme)
  >                       (PP (P of)
  >                           (NP (NS thingis)
  >                               (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
  >                                       (C that)
  >                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-3 *T*-2)
  >                                               (BEP ben)
  >                                               (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-3)
  >                                                       (TO to)
  >                                                       (DO done)))))))
  >               (BEP is)
  >               (VAN taken)
  >               (IP-INF (TO to)
  >                       (VB governe)
  >                       (PP (P to)
  >                           (NP (ADJ good) (N folk))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P for)							← FOR THAT
  >                   (CP-ADV (C that)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N malice)
  >                                           (ADJP (ADJ haboundaunt))
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (NS schrewes))))
  >                                   (MD scholde)
  >                                   (BE ben)
  >                                   (VAN abated)))))
  >       (ID CMBOETH-M3,453.C2.523))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >               (PP (P for) (D +ti)						← FOR THI THAT
  >                   (CP-ADV (C +tat)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                                   (BEP es)
  >                                   (NP-PRD (N vice)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (N propirte)))))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (MD sal)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >               (BE be)
  >               (VAN scorn)
  >               (PP (P als)
  >                   (NP (N +tifte)))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,36.1179))

  >     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
  >                   (PUNC ,)
  >                   (PP (P for)						← clause-internal
  >                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                                       (VBP dredith)
  >                                       (IP-INF (TO to)
  >                                               (VB lesen)
  >                                               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fortune))))))
  >                   (PUNC ,)
  >                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                   (VBP forletith)
  >                   (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N wikkidnesse))
  >                   (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMBOETH-M3,454.C1.543))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
  >               (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >               (VBD told)
  >               (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (PP (P for)							← clause-internal
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                                   (BED was)
  >                                   (NP-PRD (N Kyng)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (NPR Brytaigne)))))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
  >                           (C +tat)
  >                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N brother))
  >                                   (BED was)
  >                                   (VAN slayn)))
  >               (PUNC ,))
  >       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,12.337))

- When it means SO THAT

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >               (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (DOP do+t)
  >               (PP (P for)						← SO THAT
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                                   (MD wil)
  >                                   (NEG not)
  >                                   (VB reuerse)
  >                                   (NP-OB1 (NP (D +te) (N ordre))
  >                                           (CONJP (CONJ or)
  >                                                  (NP (D +te) (ADJ ordinel) (N cours))))
  >                                   (PP (P in)
  >                                       (NP (D +te) (N cause)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (PRO$ his) (N creacion))))))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,20.116))

### FORASMUCH

In complex tags in the PPCME2, the AS in FORASMUCH is tagged `ADVR` (`P+ADVR+Q`). The AS clause is always labeled `CP-ADV` (not `CP-CMP`). INASMUCH and INSOMUCH are treated the same way (see examples below).

>     (PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmuch)		(PP (P for)
>         (PP (P as)				    (QP (ADVR as) (Q much))
>             (CP-ADV ...)))			        (PP (P as)
>     					            (CP-ADV ...))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P when)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Humbar))
>                                   (VBD saw)
>                                   (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
>                                           (VB come)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADV sore) (ADJ adrad))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmyche)
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men))
>                                       (VBD wist)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>                                       (NEG not)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,13.347))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                   (BEP be)
>                   (NP-PRD (NP-POS (D +te) (N$ kynges)
>                                   (PP *ICH*-1))
>                           (N douter)
>                           (PP-1 (P of)
>                                 (NP (NPR heuene))))
>                    (PUNC ,)
>                    (PP (P for)
>                        (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche)
>                            (PP (P as)
>                                (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                                (HVP hast)
>                                                (VBN ywedded)
>                                                (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sone)
>                                                        (NP-PRN (NPR Criste)))))))))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,33.204))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (N Suster))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>               (HVP hast)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
>               (VBN axed)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO me)))
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (N forme)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (N lyuyng)))
>                       (RRC (VAG accordyng)
>                            (PP (P to)
>                                (NP (PRO$ thyn) (N estat)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (PP (P+ADVR+Q inasmuche)
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                       (BEP art)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ enclosed))))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,1.10))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (HVP haue)
>                   (VBN preuyd)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
>                   (PP (P be)
>                       (NP (NP (Q many) (NS tribulacyons))
>                           (PUNC ,)
>                           (CONJP (NP (Q many) (ADJ gret) (N heuynes)))
>                           (PUNC ,)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                  (NP (Q many) (ADJ grevows) (N sekenes)))))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (QP (ADVR so) (Q mech)
>                           (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                           (HVP hast)
>                                           (BEN ben)
>                                           (VAN $a-noynted)
>                                           (PP (P for)
>                                               (ADJP (ADJ deed)))))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,51.1159))

### FORMER

### FORTH

When used as a directional adverb, FORTH projects an `ADVP-DIR`. FORTH also has a focus particle (`FP`) use (only in Middle English).

### FORTNIGHT and the like

In order to clarify the relationships among the NPs, dash tags may be used at lower than clause level.

>     (PP (NP-MSR (NUM+N Seven-night))
>         (P after)
>         (NP (D the) (N Fight)))

>     (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ very) (N Day)
>             (PP (NP-MSR (N Fortnight))
>         	    (P before)
>                 (NP (NPR Michaelmas-Day))))

>     (NP (D the) (NPR Wednesday)
>         (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM+N seven-night))
>     	  (ADV after)))

>     (NP-TMP (D this) (N day)
>             (NP-TMP (N fortnigt)))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Saturday)
>     	(CP-ADV (IP-SUB (VBP come)			← by analogy to COME THE REVOLUTION
>                             (NP-SBJ (NUM+N senight)))))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Monday)
>             (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                             (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))
>                             (BED was)))
>             (NP-TMP (NUM+N sevenight)))

### FORTHAN, FORTHI and the like

Treated as written. See also Preposition plus demonstrative plus clause.

### FORWHI

Treated as written. See also FORWHI plus clause. FROM ... TO

### FURTHER (see FAR)

### GO

The annotation of the GO (AND) ... construction depends on whether AND is present. With AND, the construction is treated as an instance of conjunction. Without AND, GO is treated as licensing a purpose infinitive (not a bare `IP-INF`, as with the TRY (AND) ... construction). In the latter case, the TO may be silent.

>     ( (IP-INF (VB go) (CONJ and) (VB eat)))

>     ( (IP-INF (IP-INF (VB go))
>               (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     		 (IP-INF (VB make)
>     			 (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation))))))

>     ( (IP-INF (VB go)
>               (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>                           (VB eat))))

>     ( (IP-INF (VB go)
>               (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>                           (VB make)
>                           (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation)))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Let@)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO @'s))
>     		  (VB go)
>     		  (IP-INF-PRP (VB eat)))))

### GONE

The perfect tenses of GO are originally formed with BE, but with HAVE in the modern language. The change spawns an adjectival form GONE, which is difficult to distinguish from the old participle. We apply the following diagnostic criteria.

GONE is tagged as `ADJ`

- when modified by a temporal measure phrase
- when used as a euphemism for DEAD or DESTROYED
- as part of the idiom (SO / TOO / VERY) FAR GONE
- when predicated of an inanimate subject (even though this is arguably not the correct analysis for certain inanimate subjects (letter, post, ship, and the like)

Otherwise, GONE is tagged as `VBN` by default (even though this is arguably not correct in certain contexts - notably, WHILE clauses).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q All) (PRO$ our) (N supplies))
>               (BEP are)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (MD will)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone))
>               (PP (P for)
>                   (NP (D an) (N hour)))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (P When)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (BEP am)
>                                   (ADJP-PRD (ADJ gone)))))
>               (VBI bury)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>               (PP (P beside)
>                   (NP (PRO$ my) (N sweetheart)))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ far)))
>                 (ADJ gone)
>                 (CP-DEG (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB ...))))

>     ( (PP (P after / while)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                           (BED were)
>                           (VBN gone)))))

>     ( (IP-IMP (BEI Be)
>               (VBN gone)))

### GOOD-BYE

### GREAT BRITAIN

### HALF

HALF is tagged `NUM` (by default), `Q`, or `N`. The following cases of the default are common:

- HALF directly precedes a head noun (possibly empty)

  >     ( (PP (P before)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D+OTHER another) (NUM half) (N year))
  >                           (HVD had)
  >                           (VBN passed)))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
  >               (HVD had)
  >               (VBN travailled)
  >               (NP-MSR (NP (NUM half) (N year))
  >                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                              (NP (QR more))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (NP (NP (D a) (N year))
  >           (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                  (NP (D a) (NUM half)))))

  >     ( (PP (P at)
  >           (NP (NUM half)
  >               (PP (P past)
  >     	      (NP (NUM two))))))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N king))
  >     	  (VBD challenged)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (NUM half)
  >     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >     			  (C that)
  >     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >     				  (BED was)
  >     				  (VAN won)
  >     				  (PP (P in)
  >     				      (NP (NPR Cypress))))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

- HALF is part of a measure phrase (the head N is generally empty)

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You))
  >               (MD need)
  >               (NEG not)
  >               (VB pull)
  >               (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM half))
  >                     (ADVR so)
  >                     (ADV hard))
  >               (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your) (N bounty))
  >               (MD may)
  >               (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man))
  >               (VB praise)
  >               (NP-MSR (NUM half))
  >               (PP (P unto)
  >                   (NP (D the) (N value)))
  >               (PUNC .)))

HALF is tagged `Q` when it precedes a determiner or a possessive or when it acts adverbially (roughly comparable to PARTIALLY).

>     ( (NP (Q half) (D a) (N year)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (HVD had)
>               (VBN gotten)
>               (NP-OB1 (Q half) (D the) (N world))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (ADJP (Q half) (ADJ famished)))

Otherwise, HALF is tagged `N`. See also NP complement of N (`NP-COM`), and especially the discussion of HALF and similar nouns.

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (Q no) (N half))))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ latter) (N half)))

>     ( (NP (D this) (N half)			← HALF = SIDE
>           (NP-COM (NPR Humber))))

>     ( (PP (P on)
>           (NP (D this) (N half)		← HALF = SIDE
>               (NP-COM (D the) (N sea)))))

### HER

The morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative by default (including when part of the reflexive pronoun HERSELF).

### HOW BE IT (THAT), HOWBEIT

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### HOWEVER

In the PPCME2, HOWEVER is invariably tagged `WADV+ADV`. In the later corpora, it is tagged as `ADV` or `WADV`, depending on sense and context. In all corpora, the original wh- sense and the derived contrastive sense are distinguished at the phrasal level (`WADVP` and `ADVP`, respectively).

### IF

IF is tagged `P` when introducing adverbial clauses and `WQ` when introducing questions (including direct questions) (parallel to WHEN). See Direct IF/WHETHER question and Indirect IF question for details. Ambiguous cases can be resolved by replacing IF by IN CASE. If the replacement is impossible or gives rise to a different meaning, IF is treated as `WQ` by default.

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (P if)
>     	      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (VBP notice)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything)
>     				      (ADJP (ADJ strange))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (VBI let)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
>     		  (VB know))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (MD should)
>     	  (VB ask)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ if)
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (VBP notice)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything)
>     				      (ADJP (ADJ strange)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO sche))
>     	  (VBD asked)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ +gif)
>     		      (C +tat)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			      (BED were)
>     			      (NP-PRD (D a)
>     				      (N knyght))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### IF NOT

In the collocation IF NOT, IF is treated as taking a FRAG complement.

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P if)
>     	      (FRAG (NEG not)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (VB find)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D+OTHER another) (N solution))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (NUM two)
>           (PP (P if)
>               (FRAG (NEG not)
>     		(NP (NUM three))))
>           (NS years)))

### ILKE

ILKE is tagged `ADJ` when it follows a determiner (or basically means SAME rather than EACH).

>     ( (NP (D +tat) (ADJ ilk) (N day)))

>     ( (PP (P with)
>           (NP (D +t@) (ADJ @ilke) (NPR Iuditha))))

ILKE is tagged `Q` when it means roughly EACH.

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (Q ilk) (N anger))))

>     ( (NP (Q ilk) (D a) (N man)))

>     ( (NP (Q ilk) (ONE ane)))

### ILL

ILL in the sense of SICK is tagged ADJ.

### IN ORDER TO

>     (PP (P in)
>         (NP (N order)
>             (IP-INF (TO to)				← bare IP-INF, not IP-INF-PRP
>                     (VB grow)
>                     (NP-OB1 (NS apples)))))

### INASMUCH (see FORASMUCH)

### INNER

### INNERMOST

### INSIDE

>     (NP (D the) (N inside) (N track))

>     (PP (P on)
>         (NP (D the) (N inside)))

>     (PP (P inside)
>         (NP (D the) (N house)))

>     (PP (P inside)
>         (PP (P of)
>             (NP (D the) (N house))))

### INSOMUCH (see FORASMUCH)

### INTO

### KIND

See KIND under NP complement of N (`NP-COM`).

### LAST

LAST is never tagged as a superlative. Depending on syntactic context, it is tagged either `ADJ` or `ADV`.

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ last) (N chapter)))

>     ( (PP (P at)
>           (NP (D the) (ADJ last))))			← note contrast with AT LAST

>     ( (PP (P at)
>           (ADVP (ADV last))))			← note contrast with AT THE LAST

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD read)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))))

### LATE

For the treatment of phrases like LATE AT NIGHT, see EARLY.

### LATER

### LATTER

### LEAST

Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### LESS

Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### LESS THAN

In The Book of Margery Kempe, LES +TAN with the meaning UNLESS is treated like FORTHAN and the like.

### LET

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Let@)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO @'s))
>                       (VB do)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD let)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR George))
>                       (VB do)
>                       (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))

LET in the collocation LET (SOMEONE) BLOOD is treated as a Class II ditransitive.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N doctor))
>               (VBD let)
>               (NP-OB2 (D the) (N patient))
>               (NP-OB1 (N blood))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N patient))
>               (BED was)
>               (VAN let)
>               (NP-OB1 (N blood))))

### LET ALONE

>     (IP-IMP-PRN (VBI let)
>                 (IP-SMC (ADJP-PRD (ADJ alone))
>                         (NP-SBJ ...)))

### LIKE (adjective)

See also NP complement of ADJ.

>     (NP (D the) (ADJ like))

>     (NP (PRO$ his) (ADJ like))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NS Dingos))
>               (VBP look)					← copular verb
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ like)				← ordinary predicative ADJP
>                         (NP (NS dogs)))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADJP-SPR (ADJ Like)				← secondary predicate
>                         (NP (NS dogs)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (HVP have)					← ordinary verb
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ impressive) (NS canines))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (HVD had)					← HAD LIKE
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ like)
>                         (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                 (HV have)
>                                 (VBN killed)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO him))))
>               (PUNC .)))

### LIKE (verb)

See Single NP object with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT).

### LITTLE

See also NO LITTLE.

As a general rule, LITTLE is tagged `ADJ` when it can be replaced by SMALL or SHORT and as `Q` elsewhere.

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N boy)))

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N time / way / while)))

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N bit)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (N wine)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (BEP are)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADVR too) (ADJ little))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (Q little) (N work)))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
>           (N work)))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q little))
>     	(ADJ worth)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (HVP have)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
>     		  (N bread))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBP work)
>               (NP-MSR (Q little))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBP work)
>               (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q little)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

When the collocation A LITTLE precedes a mass noun or, more generally, when it functions as a measure phrase, it is treated parallel to A LITTLE BIT, except that BIT is silent.

>     ( (NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litel))
>           (N reste)))

>     ( (NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ littill))
>           (N wine)))

>     ( (NP (NP-MSR (D a)
>                   (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ little)))
>           (N wine)))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ little))
>     	(ADJ surprised)))

### LONG

LONG is always tagged `ADJ` (like `FAR`). See NP measure phrase for guidelines concerning adjectives used as measure phrases.

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ long) (N story)))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (NUM five) (NS  feet))
>     	(ADJ long)))

>     ( (ADVP-LOC (NP-MSR (NEG not) (ADJ long))                     ← implicit N head
>     	    (ADV behind)))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (HV have)
>     	  (VBN lived)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))
>     	  (NP-MSR (D the) (ADJS longest))))                   ← implicit N head

>     ( (NP-MSR (NP-MSR (Q all)
>     		  (N day))
>     	  (ADJ long)))

### LOWER

### LOWERMOST

### MAKE BOLD, MAKE MERRY

In both of these expressions, MAKE is treated (for lack of a more plausible alternative) as taking a small clause complement with an empty subject.

>     ( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Ford) (PUNC .) (CODE <$$font>)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP make)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ bold)
>     			    (PUNC ,)
>         			    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			    	    (VB presse)
>     				    (PUNC ,)
>     				    (PP (P with)
>     				        (NP (QP (ADVR so) (Q little))
>     					    (N preparation)))
>     				    (PP (P vpon)
>     				        (NP (PRO you))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID SHAKESP-1599-E2-H,46.C1.382))

>     ( (IP-SUB (PP (P when)
>         	      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N neede))
>     			      (BED was)
>     			      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ great)))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO hee))
>        	  (MD would)
>     	  (VB make)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ bold)
>     			    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     			      	    (VB use)
>     				    (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-P1,24.295))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB make)
>        	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ merry)))
>     	  (PP (P with)
>     	      (NP (NP (PRO you))
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>      			 (NP (PRO$ your) (N Wife)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID RALEIGH-1600-E2-P1,218.193))

### MAN

### MANNER

See NP complement of N (`NP-COM`), and especially the discussion of MANNER and similar nouns.

### MANY

>     ( (NP (QP (D a) (ADJ great) (Q many))
>           (NS problems)))

### MARY, MARRY and spelling variants

### MEANS

See Plurale tantum.

### METHINKS

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO Me@))
>               (VBP @thinks)
>               (CP-THT-1 ...)))

### MICHEL (see MUCH)

### MID (and variants)

See NP complement of N (`NP-COM`), and especially the discussion of MID and similar nouns.

### MORE

See also ONCE MORE.

Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

When used as a sort of qualifier, MORE THAN is treated as a measure phrase as follows:

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (MD will)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP-PRD (NP-MSR (QR more)
>                                 (PP (P than)))
>                         (ADJ happy)
>         		    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		    	    (VB help)
>     		    	    (NP-OB2 (PRO you))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### MOST

Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### MUCH

Treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### NAWIHT (see NOT)

### NE

NE is tagged `CONJ` when used as a conjunction (like NOR) and `NEG` when used as negation (like NOT).

### NEAR

When used adverbially to mean ALMOST, NEAR and NIGH are tagged `ADV`, and NEARER is tagged `ADVR`. See also Number phrase (`NUMP`).

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     	  (BEP ys)
>     	  (NP-PRD (ADV nere) (N nyght)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.855))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR kynge) (NPR Idres))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV nere))
>     	  (VAN discomfited))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.744))

Otherwise, NEAR and NIGH are tagged `ADJ`, and NEARER is tagged `ADJR`. Depending on the meaning, they project a locative ADJP (`ADJP-LOC`) or a measure phrase (`NP-MSR`). See also NP complement of ADJ.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ But)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>     	  (BEP arte)
>     	  (ADJP-LOC (QR more) (ADJ nere)
>     		    (NP (PRO $thy) (N deth))
>     		    (PP (P than)
>     			(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
>     				(IP-SUB (ADJP-LOC *T*-1)
>     					(NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     					(BEP am))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,39.1246))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Kyng) (NPR Edmunde))
>     	  (VBD went)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV +to))
>               (ADJP-LOC (ADJ neir)))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,120.3642))

### NEED(S)

- adverbial NEED(S) (treated differently in the PPCME2 than in the later corpora)
- impersonal NEED
- NEED (modal vs. verb)

### NEITHER

NEITHER is tagged `CONJ` when it is a coordinating conjunction or part of the correlative conjunction NEITHER ... NOR, and as `Q` when a quantifier. There is also an adverbial use, in which NEITHER does not precede the material that it takes semantic scope over. See also BOTH, EITHER.

>     neither/CONJ God/NPR nor/CONJ man/N

>     neither/CONJ is this the right answer .

>     but neither/CONJ is this the right answer .

>     neither/Q of them

>     they couldn't do it neither/ADV .

### NETHER

### NETHERMOST

### NEVER

>     (NP (ADV never) (D a) (N penny))		← ADV, not NEG

>     (ADJP (ADV never) (D the) (ADJR wiser))         ← like EVER THE BETTER

### NEWS

See Plurale tantum.

### NEXT

NEXT is tagged as `ADJS` when used as a locative head (possible in early English). See also NP complement of ADJ.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH swich) (ADJ shamefast) (N folk))
>     	  (BEP been)
>     	  (ADJP-LOC (ADJS next)
>     		    (NP (N foryevenesse))))
>       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,323.C2.1523))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N man))
>     	  (MD mai)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADJP-LOC (NP (NPR god))
>     		    (ADJS next)))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,9.87))

NEXT with the meaning NEIGHBOR is tagged `N`.

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Luue)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ +dine)
>     		  (N nexte)
>     		  (PP (Q al)
>     		      (P swa)
>     		      (NP (PRO +de) (N seluen))))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,67.726))

All other uses of NEXT are tagged `ADJS` when NEXT is a prenominal modifier and `ADVS` otherwise. As an adverb, NEXT projects an `ADVP-TMP`, whether used in a strictly temporal sense or as a discourse sequencing particle.

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJS next) (N turn)))

>     ( (NP-TMP (ADJS next) (NPR Sunday)))

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB come)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADVS next))))

>     ( (PP (ADVS next)
>           (P before)
>           (NP (PRO$ his) (N death))))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS dayes))
>      	    (ADVS next)
>     	    (PP (P before)
>     		(NP (NPR Easter)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-TMP (ADVS Next))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (VBP discuss)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (N gravity)))
>       (PUNC .))

### NIGH (see NEAR)

### NO

When parallel to YES, NO is tagged `INTJ`. When functioning as sentential negation, notably in the collocation WHETHER OR NO, it is tagged `NEG.` Otherwise, it is tagged `Q`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (PUNC ')
>               (QTP (INTJ No))
>     	  (PUNC ')
>               (VBD said)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (Q no) (N mention)))

>     ( (NP-MSR (ADJP (Q no) (ADJR further / longer))))

### NO LITTLE

>     ( (NP (QP (NEG no)            ← QP (without determiner or possessive pronoun)
>               (Q little))
>           (N joy)))

>     ( (NP (D the)
>           (ADJP (NEG no)          ← ADJP (with determiner or possessive pronoun)
>                 (ADJ little))
>           (N joy)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ their)
>           (ADJP (NEG no)
>                 (ADJ little))
>           (N joy)))

### NO MATTER WHAT

>     ( (NP-ADV (Q no) (N matter)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>        		              (VBP happens)))))

>     ( (NP-ADV (Q no) (N matter)
>               (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what)))))		← sluicing

### NO MORE (see ANY MORE)

### NONE

NONE in tagged `NEG` in the collocation WHETHER OR NO and `Q` otherwise.

>     ( (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ whether)
>                       (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                         (MD wole)
>      	                            (VB werke)
>                                         (PP (P by)
>     					(NP (D that) (N conseil))))
>                               (CONJP (CONJ or)
>     				 (IP-SUB=1 (NEG noon))))))

### NOR

NOR is ordinarily a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`). In Middle English, it is occasionally used as a preposition (`P`).

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
>               (MD scholde)
>               (HV a)
>               (BEN be)
>               (NP-1 (QR more)
>                     (N labor)
>                     (IP-INF (FOR for)
>                             (TO to)
>                             (VB sete)
>                             (RP done)
>                             (NP-OB1 (ADJ Flemeche) (N money)))
>                     (PP (P nor)
>                         (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
>                                 (C 0)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                         (MD can)
>                                         (VB here)
>                                         (PP (P of)
>                                             (NP *T*-2)))))))
>       (ID CELY,33.922))

### NOT

NOT is ordinarily tagged `NEG`, but with the meaning NOTHING, it is tagged `Q`.

In early texts where NAWIHT has not yet differentiated into NOT and NOUGHT, it is tagged `Q` if an object is required, and `NEG` otherwise, even when it occupies a position not usually associated with NOT.

>     and he him n@ @aue+t nawiht/NEG iholpen

>     he him nawiht/NEG ne helpeth

### NOT THAT ...

>     ( (CP-ADT (NEG Not)
>               (C that)
>               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                       (VBP know))))

### NOTWITHSTANDING

NOTWITHSTANDING is tagged as a unitary `ADV` when used absolutely and as a unitary `P` when it takes a complement clause or NP.

>     We love them notwithstanding/ADV.

>     We love them, notwithstanding/P their various faults.

>     We love them, notwithstanding/P that they are often late for appointments.

### NOUGHT (see NOT)

### NOW THAT

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV now)
>                 (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>                         (C 0 / that)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>                                 (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                 (BEP are)
>                                 (ADJP-PRD (ADJ trained))))))

ON PURPOSE TO (see IN ORDER TO)

### ONCE

When ONCE has a meaning analogous to TWICE, THRICE, it is tagged `NUM`.

>     ( (NP-TMP (FP but) (NUM once)))

>     ( (NP-TMP (NUM once)			← ONCE = head; MORE = posthead modifier
>     	  (QP (QR more))))

>     ( (ADVP (NUM once) (ADV again)))	← ONCE = premodifer; AGAIN = head

>     ( (ADVP (NUMP (ADV yet) (NUM once))
>     	(ADV again)))

When ONCE introduces a subordinate clause, it is tagged `P`.

>     ( (PP (P once)
>           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                           (HVP have)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N answer))))))

Otherwise, ONCE is tagged as a temporal adverb.

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV once)
>                 (PP (P upon)
>     		(NP (D a) (N time)))))

>     ( (PP (P at)
>           (ADVP (ADV once))))

### ONE

See also TONE (= THE ONE).

For cases ambiguous between `D` and `ONE`, the default is AN (`D`).

ONE with the meaning ALONE is tagged `ADJ`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP-LOC (ADV +ter))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO ha))
>     	  (BED weren)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ane))
>     	  (PP (P bi)
>     	      (NP (PRO ham) (N seolf))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.121.1545))

>     ( (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV $hu))
>     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     		      (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     		      (CODE {COM:hise_deciples})
>     		      (VBD leafden)
>     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>     		      (ADJP-SPR (ADJ ane))))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.84.1019))

When ONE means ONLY and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT to yield the meaning NOT ONLY, it is tagged `FP`.

>     wi+d-uten/P Crist/NPR ane/FP

>     naht for hem seluen ane/FP

>     +De mann ne leue+d naht $be bread ane/FP

>     for +te nome of ester ne sei/VBP naut ane/FP ab scondita

Focus particle ONE can appear in the genitive (when modifying a genitive).

>     & in his/PRO$ anes/FP seruise hare lif lea+de+d
>     "and in the service of him alone [she] leads her life"

In all other uses (cardinal number, noun, pronoun, etc.), ONE is tagged with its own tag `ONE` (or `ONES` if marked for plural).

### ONLY

ONLY can be tagged as an adjective (`ADJ`) or as a focus particle (`FP`).

    (NP (D a) (ADJ only) (N child))

    (NP (FP only) (D a) (N child))

### OR

OR is ordinarily tagged `CONJ`. As a variant of ERE (= BEFORE), it is tagged `P`.

### OTHER

See also TOTHER (= THE OTHER).

OTHER is tagged `CONJ` when it means either EITHER or OR.

>     ( (PP (CONJ other)				←  OTHER = EITHER
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (PRO$ his) (NS capons)))
>           (CONJP (CONJ or)
>     	     (PP (P of)
>     		 (NP (PRO$ his) (N money))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ other) 				←  OTHER = OR
>     	  (ELSE els)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NUM two) (NS sydes))
>     	  (BEP bee)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ equall))))

Otherwise, it is tagged with its own tag `OTHER`. The tag `OTHERS` is used for clearly plural referents, even without overt plural marking. Under certain circumstances, the dollar tag appears directly on OTHER.

>     ( (NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (ADJ good) (NS orders)))

>     ( (NP (NP (D the) (ONE one))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (D the) (OTHER other)))))

>     ( (NP (Q each) (OTHER other)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (D the) (OTHER$ others))
>           (N fynger)))

>     ( (NP (Q many) (OTHERS other)))

>     ( (PP (P on)
>           (NP (OTHERS$ others) (NS shoulders))))

### OUT OF

OUT is treated as modifying the OF phrase.

>     (PP (RP out)
>         (P of)
>         (NP (D the) (N country)))

### OUTER

### OUTERMOST

### OUTSIDE (see INSIDE)

### OVER

In connection with its use as a degree modifier in compounds, see Compound with degree OVER + ADJ, ADV, Q and Unitary noun.

### PASSING

PASSING is ordinarily tagged `VAG`. It is tagged `ADV` when it means EXCEEDINGLY. For phrases like PASSING THREE THOUSAND, sse Number phrase (`NUMP`).

>     Than was he passyng/ADV hevy

>     and sir Percivale was passynge/ADV glad

>     a passynge/ADV good knyght

### PAST

Prenominal and predicative PAST as tagged `ADJ`, but there are cases where PAST is tagged as the past participle (`VBN`).

>     ( (NP (ADJ past) (NS times)))

>     ( (NP (NS times)
>           (ADJP (ADJ past))))

>     ( (NP-TMP (D this)
>               (ADJ past)
>               (NPR Wednesday)))

>     ( (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
>               (ADJP (ADJ past))))

>     ( (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
>               (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))
>     	       (VBN past))))			← active, not passive

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS days))	← like AGO
>                 (ADV past)))

PAST also has a prepositional use (`P`).

>     ( (PP (P past)
>           (NP (PRO$ their) (N bedtime))))

### PEOPLE

PEOPLE is tagged as a singular noun (`N`) when preceded by an unambiguously singular determiner (A, THAT, THIS), and as a plural noun (`NS`) elsewhere.

### PLEASE

In the phrase MAY IT PLEASE X, PLEASE may take an infinitival complement or a THAT clause with overt complementizer.

>     ( (IP-MAT (MD May)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB send)
>                         (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                         (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N trunke)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID BASIRE,256.632))

>     ( (IP-MAT (MD Maye)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt))
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ her) (N Ma=tie=))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                 (MD may)
>                                 (VB knowe)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ her) (N pleasure))))
>       (ID ORIGIN2,200.654))

>     ( (IP-MAT (VBP Please)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Highnesse))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB understand)
>                         (CP-THT (C that)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ xiiij=th=.) (N day)
>                                                 (PP (P of)
>                                                     (NP (D this) (N Month))))
>                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                         (VBD wrote)
>                                         (PP (P to)
>                                             (NP (PRO$ your) (N Grace)))
>                                         (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (ADJ last) (NS Lettres)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID ORIGIN1,139.808))

More commonly, however, a finite clause following PLEASE appears without an overt complementizer. In this case, the clause containing PLEASE is treated as a parenthetical, and the clause following it as the matrix clause.

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (VBP Pleas)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO itt))
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Grace)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVP have)
>               (NP-TMP (D thys) (N daye))
>               (VBN visite)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N Lady)
>                       (NP-PRN (NPR Margarite)))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID ORIGIN1,157.958))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (MD Maye)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                           (VB please)
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Honor)))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD commytted)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Keper)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N Game))))
>               (PP (P to)
>                   (NP (N warde))))
>       (ID ORIGIN2,256.740))

The expression PLEASE GOD is treated the same way, except that the subject is expletive and PLEASE is subjunctive (though not overtly tagged as such).

>     ( (IP-MAT ...
>     	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>     		      (VBP pleas)
>     		      (NP-OB2 (NPR God)))
>     	  ...))

### PLENTY

>     ( (NP (ADJ great) (N plenty)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (N wine)))))

>     ( (NP (N wine)
>           (NP-MSR (ADJ great) (N plenty))))

STORE is treated in the same way.

### Plurale tantum

For simplicity, the following items are invariably tagged `NS`, even when construed with a singular determiner (THIS, THAT) or with singular agreement.

>     DATA, MEANS, NEWS

### POST

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>               (VB arrive)
>               (NP-ADV (N post))))

### PRAY (including PRITHEE)

Apparent uses of PRAY as an interjection are treated as parenthetical clauses with silent arguments (see below).

PRAY (and similar verbs like BESEECH, BID, CHARGE, CONJURE, ENTREAT, REQUIRE, SAY) can take `IP-INF` or `CP-THT` complements. In both cases, the (linearly) first object is labeled `NP-OB2`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP pray)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>     		  (VB come)
>     		  (ADVP (ADV quickly)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP pray)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     	  (CP-THT (C that)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			  (VBP come)
>     			  (ADVP (ADV quickly))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP pray)
>     	  (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>     	  (CP-THT (C that)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			  (VBP recover)
>     			  (ADVP (ADV quickly))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP pray)
>     	  (CP-THT (C that)                                 ← no object necessary with CP-THT
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			  (VBP come / recover)
>     			  (ADVP (ADV quickly))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

In cases without an overt complementizer or infinitival TO, the proper analysis is often not clear. By convention, such cases are matched against the following possible structures; the first one that fits is applied.

- PRAY + NP (2nd person) + bare verb. The PRAY clause is treated as an IP-MAT parenthetical on an imperative.

  >     ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP pray)
  >     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
  >               (VBI protect)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP pray)
  >     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (NS lordships)))
  >               (VBI protect)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect)				← unambiguous parenthetical for comparison
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
  >     	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP pray)
  >     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect)				← unambiguous parenthetical for comparison
  >     	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP pray)
  >     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ innocent))))

  Such imperatives can occur within a relative clause (usually a clause-adjoined relative).

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
  >                       (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
  >               (MD wyll)
  >               (VB shew)
  >               (NP-OB2 (PRO yow))
  >               (NP-OB1 (QR more) (NS spechalltes))
  >               (CP-REL-1 (WPP-2 (P to)
  >                                (WNP (WPRO whom)))
  >                         (C 0)
  >                         (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                                             (VBP beseke)
  >                                             (NP-OB2 (PRO yow)))
  >                                 (VBI gyue)
  >                                 (NP-OB1 (N credens))
  >                                 (PP (P vnto)
  >                                     (PP *T*-2)))))
  >       (ID BRERETO,87.533))

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >               (VBP cost)
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WPRO which))
  >                       (C 0)
  >                       (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                                           (VBP pray)
  >                                           (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
  >                               (VBI let)
  >                               (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
  >                                       (VB know)
  >                                       (PP (P by)
  >                                           (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJS next)))))))
  >       (ID CHAMBER,574.2675))

  The subject and/or the object of the parenthetical can be silent.

  >     ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP pray))		← missing object
  >               (VBI protect)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *pro*)		← missing subject and object
  >                           (VBP pray))
  >               (VBI protect)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

- PRAY + NP (not 2nd person) + bare verb. If the case-marking on the postverbal NP allows, these cases are treated as PRAY + finite complement.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >               (VBP pray)
  >               (CP-THT (C 0)
  >                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
  >                               (VBP protect)
  >                               (NP-OB1 (PRO you))))))

- In the rare cases that fail to match the above patterns, PRAY is treated as an object control predicate with a bare infinitive complement (like HELP in I HELPED THEM DO THEIR HOMEWORK).

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >               (VBP pray)
  >     	  (NP-OB2 (PRO her))
  >               (IP-INF (TO *)
  >                       (VB protect)
  >                       (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))

### PRITHEE

PRITHEE and its spelling variants are always split so as to allow parallel treatment with PRAY.

### QUOTHA

### RATHER

Even though RATHER has no corresponding positive or superlative, it is tagged ADVR on the grounds that it behaves like a comparative in other respects (notably, licensing THAN complements).

### REVEREND

### RID

>     ( (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	  (VB get)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ rid)
>     		    (PP (P of)
>     			(NP (Q+N something))))))

### RX

RX (< Latin recipe 'take') is always treated as FW at the word level. As the head of an English imperative, it is additionally annotated as VBI.

>     ( (LATIN (FW Rx.)
>              (FW Diasenae) (CODE {COM:dram_symbol}) (FW j.) (FW ss.)
>              (FW Sirr.) (FW fumariae) (PUNC ,) (CODE {COM:ounce_symbol}) (FW j.)
>              (FW Aquae) (FW scabiosae) (PUNC ,) (CODE {COM:ounce_symbol}) (FW iij.))
>       (ID CLOWESOBS-1596-E2-P2,41.24))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI (FW Rx.))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (NUM two)
>     		  (NS spoonefuls)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (ADJ French) (N barly))))
>     	  (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CLOWESOBS-1596-E2-P2,41.37))

### SAME

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
>     	  (PP (P as)					     ← CP-CMP with AS
>     	      (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>     		      (C that)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                                   (DOP do)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))))

>     ( (PP (P in)
>           (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
>               (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)				     ← CP-REL with THAT
>                       (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                               (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                               (DOP do)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

### SAVE

SAVE and SAVING when used as prepositions meaning EXCEPT are tagged `P`, which can exceptionally take `CP-THT` complements..

>     all save/P one

>     alle the remenaunt of Normandy , savyng/P Chyrborowe

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
>     	  (VBP wost)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO what))
>     		      (PUNC ,)
>     		      (PP (P sauyng)
>     			  (CP-THT (C +tat)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tou))
>     					  (VBP felist)
>     					  (PP (P in)
>     					      (NP (PRO$ +ti)
>     						  (N wille)))
>     					  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ nakid) (N  entent)
>     						  (PP (P vnto)
>     						      (NP (NPR God)))))))))
>       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,17.76))

### SAVING (see SAVE)

### SCORE

See also Number phrase (`NUMP`).

### SEVEN-NIGHT (and variants) (see FORTNIGHT)

### SHORTLY

When SHORTLY clearly means IN A SHORT WHILE, it projects `ADVP-TMP`. Otherwise, it projects a bare `ADVP`.

### SIDE

SIDE routinely take bare NP complements in Middle English, and this usage continues into Modern English. See NP complement of N (`NP-COM`), and especially the discussion of SIDE and similar nouns.

### SIDEWAYS

>     (NP-ADV (N+N$ sideways))		← WAYS = old adverbial genitive

### SLEEP

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBD dropped)
>     	  (RP off)
>               (PP (P to)                    ← PP, not IP-INF
>                   (NP (N sleep)))))

### SO (adverb)

When not used in a degree sense (`ADVR`) or as a preposition (`P`), SO is tagged `ADV`. In its adverbial use, SO can generally be paraphrased by IN THAT WAY. See AS ... SO clause for a common case.

>     ( (IP-INF (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (TO to)
>               (VB say)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	  (MD must)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV so))
>     	  (VAN acknowledged)
>     	  (PP (P by)
>     	      (NP (D the)
>     		  (N world)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### SO (degree) (see AS, SO (degree))

### SO (preposition) (see AS, SO, THAN (preposition))

### SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO

See also SO (THAT). See Degree and comparative constructions for background information.

When SO has a pure manner sense and immediately precedes a finite AS clause, the entire AS clause is treated as a PP, and SO as a premodifier. When SO has this sense, it is optional, and the entire construction can be paraphrased as IN THE WAY THAT. This construction is essentially restricted to Middle English.

>     ( (IP-IMP (DOI Do)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work))
>     	  (PP (ADV so)					← like this
>                   (P as)
>     	      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			      (VBD said))))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-IMP (DOI Do)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work))
>     	  (ADVP (ADV so)				← not like this
>     		(PP (P as)
>     		    (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     				    (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				    (VBD said)))))
>               (PUNC .)))

When SO in SO AS clauses has a degree sense, it is tagged `ADVR` if it modifies an adjective or other adverb and as `P` otherwise. In both cases, AS is tagged as a preposition (`P`) taking a `CP-DEG` or bare `IP-INF` complement.

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
>     	(PP (P as)
>                 (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                 (VBD made)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
>     	(PP (P as)
>                 (IP-INF (TO to)
>                         (VB make)
>     	  	    (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ big)
>     	(ADVP (ADVR enough)
>                   (PP (P so)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                   (VB make)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD worked)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV very) (ADV hard))
>               (PP (P so)
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-DEG (C that / 0)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     				  (VBD made)
>     				  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>     	  (VBD worked)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV very) (ADV hard))
>               (PP (P so)
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (IP-INF (TO to)
>                               (VB make)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### SO ... AS

### SO BE IT (THAT), SOBEIT

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the later corpora.

### SO (THAT)

See also SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO. See Degree and comparative constructions for background information.

SO introducing purpose and result clauses is labeled `P` with a `CP-ADV` complement. The complementizer may be silent, in which case the meaning is often more akin to AS LONG AS than to SO THAT. However, the two meanings are not always clearly distinct, and they are not distinguished in the annotation.

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Turn)
>     	  (RP on)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (N light))
>     	  (PP (P so)
>     	      (CP-ADV (C that / 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     			      (MD can)
>     			      (VB see)
>     			      (ADVP (ADVR better)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM .iij.) (N part)
>     		  (PP (P toward)
>     		      (NP (D the) (NPR Septentrion))))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADV full) (ADJ cold))
>     	  (PP (P so)
>     	      (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>     		      (IP-SUB (PP (P for)
>     				  (NP (NP (ADJ pure) (N cold))
>     				      (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     					     (NP (ADJ contynuell) (N frost)))))
>     			      (NP-SBJ (D the) (N water))
>     			      (VBP becometh)
>     			      (NP-PRD (N Cristall)))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,104.2529))

### SO ... THAT (see SO ... AS)

### SON

>     ( (NP (D the) (NPR Son)))	← NPR because unique entity

>     ( (NP (D the) (NPR Son)		← NPR because unique entity
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (NPR God))))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N Son)))		← N (cf. THE WAR OF THE ROSES)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (N Man))))

### STILL

STILL is tagged `ADV` and projects `ADVP-TMP` when it has a temporal meaning. Otherwise, it is tagged `ADJ`. Unclear cases are tagged `ADV` by default.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV still))
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     	  (VBD lay)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     	  (ADJP-SPR (ADV quite) (ADJ still))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>     	  (VBD lay)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV still))	← default
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### STORE (see PLENTY)

### SUCH

SUCH is tagged with its own tag (`SUCH`) and attached as high as possible in the structure.

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (N joy)))

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (ADJ difficult)
>           (NS problems)))

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (D a)
>           (N surprise)))

>     ( (NP (SUCH such)
>           (D a)
>           (ADJ big)
>           (N surprise)))

Any complements of SUCH attach as close to it and as high as the overt syntax allows.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>     		  (PP (P as)
>     		      (NP (PRO$ yours))))
>     	  (MD can)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (VAN solved)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>     		  (PP (P as)
>     		      (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>     			      (C 0)
>     			      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				      (VBP arose)))))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (VAN solved)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS foods)
>     		  (PP *ICH*-1))
>     	  (MD will)
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (VAN sold)
>     	  (PP-1 (P as)
>     		(NP (NS nuts) (CONJ and) (NS berries)))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>     		  (PP *ICH*-1))
>     	  (MD should)
>     	  (VB arise)
>     	  (PP-1 (P as)
>     		(CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
>     			(C 0)
>     			(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>     				(NP-SBJ we)
>     				(MD can)
>     	  			(VB solve))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (SUCH such)
>     		  (D a)
>     		  (N case)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (N joy)))
>     		  (PUNC ,)
>     		  (CP-DEG (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))
>     				  (BED was)
>     				  (NP-PRD (Q no) (N boot))
>     				  (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>     					    (VB bid)
>     					    (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
>     						    (VB make)
>     						    (NP-OB1 (N hast))))))))
>     	  (PUNC :))
>       (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,10.90))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D a)
>     		  (N man)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (SUCH suche)
>     			  (N charite)
>     			  (PP (P as)
>     			      (CP-DEG (C 0)
>     				      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     					      (HVP have)
>     					      (NEG not)
>     					      (VBN seen)
>     					      (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ like))))))))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID BEDYLL-1537-E1-H,1.2,77.8))

Postnominal SUCH projects an `ADJP`. Unlike in the case of postnominal ENOUGH, complements of postnominal SUCH are treated as daughters of the ADJP.

>     ( (NP (ADJ other)
>           (NS considerations)
>           (ADJP (SUCH such)				← like this
>     	    (PP (P as)
>     		(NP ...)))))

>     ( (NP (ADJP (ADJ other))
>           (NS considerations)
>           (ADJP (SUCH such))			← not like this
>         	    (PP (P as)
>     	        (NP ...))))))

### SUDDEN

>     ( (PP (P of / on)
>           (NP (D a / the) (ADJ sudden))))

### SUN

### THANK GOD

Whenever possible, (I) THANK GOD is treated as a matrix clause taking a complement clause rather than as a parenthetical.

### THERE

See also here here for POS annotation and here for syntactic annotation. In cases that are ambiguous between existential THERE (`EX`) and ordinary locative THERE (`ADV`), the default is `EX`.

As an R-pronoun, THERE is tagged as `ADV`. R-pronoun compounds (THEREFORE, THEREON, etc.) are treated as written.

### THEREFORE

THEREFORE is tagged `ADV+P` in all readings, like any other preposition with an R-pronoun.

### THILKE

### THRICE

### TIMES

>     ( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS times))
>             (NUM five)))

>     ( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUMP (NUM fif) (N si+de)))		← five times ten
>             (NUM tene))))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,31.194))

>     ( (NUMP (NP-MSR (NUMP (ADV Rihht) (NUM ehhte))		← right eight times a hundred
>     		(N si+te))
>     	(D an) (NUM hunndredd))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,I,149.1233))

### TO THE END THAT

The THAT complement of END is tagged `CP-THT` rather than `CP-ADV`. Cf. BY CAUSE THAT when written apart.

### TO THE INTENT THAT (see TO THE END THAT)

Treated like TO THE END THAT.

### TODO

### TODAY

### TOMORROW

TOMORROW is tagged as `N`, not `ADV`, because it has a possessive.

### TONE

TONE (= THE + ONE) is tagged `D+ONE` even in the presence of another determiner. See also TOTHER.

>     (NP (D+ONE thone) (N Halfe))

>     (NP (D The) (D+ONE tone))

### TONIGHT

### TOO

TOO is tagged `ADVR` in degree contexts and `ADV` when it means ALSO.

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR too) (ADJ happy)))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q much))
>           (N cake)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (VBP like)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO them))
>     	  (ADVP (ADV too))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We)
>     		  (ADVP (ADV too)))
>     	  (VBP like)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (PRO Them))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

### TOTHER

TOTHER (= THE + OTHER) is tagged `D+OTHER` even in the presence of another determiner. See also TONE.

>     ( (NP (D+OTHER th'other)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (D+OTHER tother)))

### TOWER

When referring to the Tower of London, TOWER is always tagged `NPR`, regardless of whether it is modified by OF LONDON or not. Note the difference with CITY.

### TREBLE

Treated as ordinal number).

### TRIPLE

Treated as ordinal number).

### TRY (AND) ...

The annotation of the TRY (AND) ... construction depends on whether AND is present. With AND, the construction is treated as an instance of conjunction. Without AND, TRY takes a bare infinitive complement (unlike GO in the GO (AND) ... construction, which licenses a purpose infinitive.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (MD will)
>               (VB (VB try) (CONJ and) (VB eat))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>                         (MD will)
>                         (VB try))
>               (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     		 (IP-MAT=1 (VB make)
>                                (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (MD will)
>               (VB try)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB eat))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>               (MD will)
>               (VB try)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB make)
>                       (NP-OB1 (D a) (N reservation)))))

### TWICE

### UNDERMOST

### UNTO

### UPON

### UPPER

### UPPERMOST

### UPRIGHT

UPRIGHT is tagged `ADJ` in prenominal position and as the predicate of a copular verb or small clause, and `ADV` otherwise.

### UTMOST

### UTTERMOST

### -WARD

When used as adjectives, combinations with -WARD (BACKWARD, DOWNWARD, INWARD, OUTWARD, UPWARD) are treated as unitary adjectives.

Combinations with -WARD that are used as prepositions (FROWARD, TOWARD, etc.) are tagged as unitary prepositions.

All other uses and occurrences are tagged with `WARD`, which is either part of a complex POS tag (`ADV+WARD, N+WARD, NPR+WARD, RP+WARD,` etc.) or a separate tag, depending on whether -WARD is spelled as a separate orthographic word. In the latter case, the -WARD is a sister of the immediately preceding word.

The first part of a -WARD compound is tagged `RP` only if it is on the list of adverbial particles.

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ northwarde) (N declination)))

>     ( (NP (D its) (N declination)
>           (NP-DIR (N+WARD northwarde))))		← NP-DIR by default

>     ( (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD forward)))

>     ( (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD +tedir-ward)))

>     ( (ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD towarde) (CONJ and) (ADV+WARD forwardes)))

>     ( (PP (P+D+ADJ+N+WARD to-+te-holy-place-warde)))

>     ( (PP (P+PRO$+NPR+WARD to-owr-Lord-ward)))

>     ( (PP (P tyll)
>           (NP (NPR+WARD Jhesuwarde))))

>     ( (PP (P to)
>           (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward))))

>     ( (PP (P to)
>           (NP (PRO$ thy) (NS dethe) (WARD ward))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CP-QUE-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>     	                  (CONJ But)
>       	                  (WADVP-1 (WADV+WARD whotherward))
>        	                  (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
>     				      (VBP ryde)
>             			      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))))
>               (PUNC ?)
>               (PUNC ')
>               (VBD seyde)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlion))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,55.1802))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Treuly))
>                   (CONJ and)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	      (MD schal)
>     	      (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuyr))
>     	      (VB turne)
>     	      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N face))
>     	      (PP (P fro)
>     	          (NP (PRO him) (WARD ward)))
>     	      (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,115.2571))

### WEEK

For SATURDAY WEEK and similar expressions, see FORTNIGHT.

### WELL

WELL in the sense of HEALTHY is tagged ADJ.

### WHATEVER

>     ( (NP (Q no) (N yarn)
>           (NP-PRN (CP-FRL (WNP (WPRO whatever))))))			← sluicing

### WHEN

WHEN is tagged `P` when introducing adverbial clauses and as `WADV` when introducing questions (including indirect questions) or relative clauses. As in the case of IF, the default is `WADV`.

>     ( (IP-IMP (PP (P When)
>     	      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>     			      (VBP notice)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything)
>     				      (ADJP (ADJ strange))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (VBI let)
>     	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO us))
>     		  (VB know))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
>     	  (MD should)
>     	  (VB ask)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV when))
>     		      (C 0)
>     		      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     			      (ADVP-TMP (ADV first))
>     			      (VBP noticed)
>     			      (NP-OB1 (Q+N something)
>     				      (ADJP (ADJ strange)))))
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (Q many) (NS times)
>           (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV when))
>     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     		      (VBP visit)))))

### WHERE

WHERE is ordinarily tagged `WADV`, but as `WQ` when it is a phonologically reduced form of WHETHER.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (VBD axede)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV +tere))
>     	  (PP (P of)
>     	      (NP (D an) (ADJ  holy) (N  man)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C +tat)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     				  (BED was)
>     				  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ solitaire))))))
>     	  (PUNC ,)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ where)
>     		      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     					(MD my+gte)
>     					(VB overcome)
>     					(NP-OB1 (D +te/D) (NPRS Longobardus)))
>     			      (CONJP (CONJ o+ter)
>     				     (IP-SUB=2 (NEG no))))))
>       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,109.757))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (VBP witen)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ wer)
>     		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>     			      (BEP be)
>     			      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ ri+gt)))))
>       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,245.393))

As an R-pronoun, WHERE is tagged as `WADV`. R-pronoun compounds (WHEREFORE, WHEREON, etc.) are treated as written.

### WHETHER

See also IF.

- Adverbial WHETHER question
- Direct WHETHER question
- Indirect WHETHER question
- WHETHER free relative
- WHETHER OR NO
- Variant spelling of directional adverb WHITHER

### WHETHER OR NO

Depending on its position in the larger structure, OR NO is treated as ordinary gapping or backwards gapping. NO also appears in the variant forms NONE or NOT.

>     ( (CP-QUE-SUB (WQ Whether)
>                   (C 0 / that)
>     	      (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                     (VBP rains))
>     		      (CONJP (CONJ or)				← ordinary gapping
>     			     (IP-SUB=1 (NEG no))))))

>     ( (CP-QUE-SUB-ADV (WQ Whether)
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ or)				← backwards gapping;
>     			 (IP-SUB=1 (NEG no)))			  note position before C, which can be overt
>                       (C 0 / that)
>     		  (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                         (VBP rains)))))

### WHILE

WHILE(S) (THAT) is treated as a preposition taking an adverbial clause, but THE WHILE(S) (THAT) is treated as a measure phrase (`NP-MSR`) containing a relative clause.

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P whil)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N slep))
>                                   (BEP is)
>                                   (PP (P on)
>                                       (NP (PRO here))))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (VBI let)
>               (IP-INF (VB cleue)
>                       (PP (P to)
>                           (NP (PRO$ here) (NS ribbes)))
>                       (NP-SBJ (Q sum) (N sentence)
>                               (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (ADJ holy) (NS wrytyngges)))))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,31.134))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men))
>               (VBD toke)
>               (NP-OB1 (NPR$ Machometes) (N swerd))
>               (PP (RP out)
>                   (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N schethe)))
>               (PP (P whils)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBD slepte)))))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,91.2254))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD moten)
>               (VB idre+gan)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ ure) (N wil))
>               (NP-MSR (D +te) (N hwile)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                       (BEP beo+d)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ +gunge)))))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,29.348))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Fle)
>               (NP-OB1 (NP (ADJ delicat) (NS metes))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (NP (ADJ doucet) (NS drinkes))))
>               (NP-MSR (Q al) (D the) (N while)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                       (BEP art)
>                                       (NEG not)
>                                       (ADJP-PRD (ADJ syke)))))
>               (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,8.206))

### WITH

In examples like WITH A FEATHER IN HIS CAP, the default is to treat the lower PP as the predicate of a small clause complement of WITH rather than as a nominal modifier.

>     ( (PP (P with)				← default = this structure
>           (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (D a)
>                           (N feather))
>                   (PP (P in)
>      	          (NP (PRO$ his)
>     	              (N hat))))))

>     ( (PP (P with)				← not this structure
>           (NP (D a)
>     	  (N feather)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (PRO$ his)
>     	          (N hat))))))

### WONDER

WONDER with the the meaning of WONDROUSLY is tagged `ADV`.

### WORTH

When WORTH means VALUE, it is tagged `N`. Otherwise, it is tagged `ADJ`.

>     ( (NP (D an) (N object)
>           (PP (P of)
>     	  (NP (ADJ great) (N worth)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>     	(NP (NUM ten) (NS dollars))))

See also NP complement of ADJ.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (NP (NUM ten) (NS shillings))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (NP (N watching))))               ← bare gerund

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (IP-PPL (VAG starting)
>                     (NP-OB1 (D a)
>                             (ADJ fresh)
>                             (N sheet)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (CP-EOP (WNP-1 0)
>                     (IP-PPL (VAG starting)
>                             (NP-OB1 (D a)
>                                     (ADJ fresh)
>                                     (N sheet))
>                             (PP (P for)
>                                 (NP *T*-1))))))

### (I) WOULD (GOD)

(I) WOULD (GOD) always takes a `CP-THT` complement. GOD is treated as `NP-OB2`.

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>               (VBD wold)
>               (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>               (CP-THT (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                               (HVD had)
>                               (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (D a) (N$ monthes))
>                                       (N companye))
>                               (ADVP-LOC (ADV ther)))))
>       (ID ALLEN,15.110))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>               (VBD wuld)
>               (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>               (CP-THT (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                               (MD cowd)
>                               (VB know)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO yt))
>                               (ADVP (ADVR as)
>                                     (ADV veryly)
>                                     (PP (P as)
>                                         (CP-CMP (WADVP-5 0)
>                                                 (C 0)
>                                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-5)
>                                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO y))
>                                                         (VBP thynke)
>                                                         (NP-OB1 (PRO yt)))))))))
>       (ID ORIGIN1,47.280))

### WRIT

### YESTERDAY

YESTERDAY is tagged as `N`, not `ADV`, because it has a possessive.

### YET

YET is ordinarily tagged `ADV`, projecting `ADVP-TMP` if it has a temporal meaning. In Middle English, it can also function as a focus particle (`FP`).

>     ( (NP (ADV yet) (D+OTHER another) (N example)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV yet))		← adversative, not temporal
>      	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (ADVP (ADV hardly))
>               (VB know)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO her))
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (ADVP (ADV hardly))
>               (VB know)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO her))
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet))		← temporal
>               (PUNC .)))

>     ( (NP (NP (PRO they))
>           (CONJP (CONJ ne)
>                  (NP (FP yet) (Q ony)
>     		 (PP (P of)
>                          (NP (PRO them)))))))

### YONDER

YONDER is tagged `D` when introducing a noun phrase and `ADV` when used adverbially.

>     ( (NP (D yonder) (ADJ pryvy) (N posterne))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.143))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP see)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV yondir))
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N kynge))
>     	  (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,24.755))

### +TA +TA

+TA +TA in the meaning WHEN (THAT) is tagged `+ta/P +ta/C`.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (NPR Godd))
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                   (VBD unwur+dede)
>                   (PP (P +da)
>                       (CP-ADV (C +ta)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (VBD +dolede)
>                                       (CP-THT (C +dat)
>                                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N wi+derwine))
>                                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>                                                       (VBD ouercam)
>                                                       (PUNC ,)
>                                                       (PP (P wi+d-uten)
>                                                           (NP (N streng+te))))))))
>                   (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,115.1414))