## List of tags and empty categories

- POS tags
- Syntactic tags
  - Category tags
  - Function tags
  - Extended tags
  - "Meta" tags
  - IP types
  - CP types
- Empty categories
- Indices
- Disfluencies

### POS tags

Basic label | Category | Paradigmatic variants
--- | --- | ---
ADJ | adjective, including ordinal number | ADJR (comparative)
ADJS (superlative)
ADJ$ (possessive; very rare)
ADV | adverb | ADVR (comparative)
ADVS (superlative)
ALSO | the words ALSO (except with the meaning AS) and EKE (the latter in Middle English only)
BE | auxiliary and main verb BE | BE (infinitive)
BAG (present participle)
BED (past, including past subjunctive)
BEI (imperative)
BEN (perfect participle)
BEP (present, including present subjunctive)
C | complementizer
CONJ | coordinating conjunction
D | determiner
DO | auxiliary and main verb DO | DO (infinitive)
DAG (present participle)
DAN (passive participle)
DOD (past)
DOI (imperative)
DON (perfect participle)
DOP (present, including present subjunctive)
ELSE | the word ELSE in the collocation OR ELSE
EX | existential THERE
FOR | infinitival FOR
FP | focus particle
FW | foreign word
HV | auxiliary and main verb HAVE | HV (infinitive)
HAG (present participle)
HAN (passive participle)
HVD (past)
HVI (imperative)
HVN (perfect participle)
HVP (present, including present subjunctive)
ID | identification number for sentence tokens
INTJ | interjection
LB | line break (Middle English only)
LS | list item
MAN | indefinite subject pronoun (Middle English only)
MD | modal verb | MD0 (untensed, rare)
N | common noun | N (singular)
N$ (singular, possessive)
NS (plural)
NS$ (plural possessive)
NPR | proper noun | NPR (singular)
NPR$ (singular, possessive)
NPRS (plural)
NPRS$ (plural possessive)
NUM | cardinal number | NUM$ (possessive, very rare)
ONE | default label for the word ONE | ONE (singular)
ONE$ (singular possessive)
ONES (plural)
ONES$ (plural possessive)
OTHER | the word OTHER | OTHER (singular)
OTHER$ (singular possessive)
OTHERS (plural)
OTHERS$ (plural possessive)
P | preposition or subordinating conjunction
PRO | pronoun | PRO$ (possessive)
PUNC | punctuation (both sentence-medial and sentence-final)
Q | quantifier | QR (comparative)
QS (superlative)
Q$ (possessive, very rare)
RP | adverbial particle
SUCH | the word SUCH
TO | infinitival TO, TIL, and AT
VB | verb other than BE, DO, or HAVE | VB (infinitive)
VAG (present participle)
VAN (passive participle)
VBD (past)
VBI (imperative)
VBN (perfect participle)
VBP (present, including present subjunctive)
WADV | wh-adverb |
WARD | the morpheme WARD |
WD | wh-determiner |
WPRO | wh-pronoun | WPRO$ (possessive)
WQ | WHETHER or IF as head of indirect question |
X | unknown part of speech |
$ | possessive (when split from host morpheme) |

### Syntactic tags

Syntactic tags encode various pieces of information about a phrasal constituent, notably its syntactic category and grammatical or thematic function and also various other syntactic, discourse, and metalinguistic features.

Certain basic syntactic categories have variants ending in X (for instance, NP and NX). These variants are used in conjunction contexts and are intended to be agnostic about whether the category in question is a lexical or a phrasal projection. For details, see the section on conjunction.

#### Category tags

Label | Category | Combines with function tags | Variant for shared premodifier contexts | Wh- variant
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
ADJP | adjective phrase | CAR, LOC, PRD, SPR | ADJX | WADJP
ADVP | adverb phrase | DIR, LOC, TMP | ADVX | WADVP
CONJP | conjunction phrase |  |  |
CP | complement clause or question | See CP types |  | WCP (rare, but possible in pied-piping contexts)
FRAG | sentence fragment |  |  |
INTJP | interjection phrase |  |  |
IP | clauses other than CP | See IP types |  | WIP (rare, but possible in pied-piping contexts)
NP | noun phrase | ADT, ADV, CAR, COM, DIR, DPS, LOC, MSR, OB1, OB2, PRD, RFL, SBJ, SPR, TMP, VOC | NX | WNP
NUMP | number phrase |  | NUMX (rare) |
PP | prepositional phrase |  |  | WPP
QP | quantifier phrase |  | QX | WQP
QTP | quotation phrase |  |  |
VP | verb phrase (rare) |  |  |
XX | unknown phrasal category |  |  |

#### Function tags

Label | Function
--- | ---
-ADT | adjunct
-ADV | adverbial (e.g., manner)
-CAR | clause-adjoined
-COM | bare NP complement (corresponding to Modern English OF phrase)
-DIR | directional
-DPS | dative of possession
-LOC | locative
-MSR | measure
-OB1 | direct object
-OB2 | indirect object
-PRD | predicate
-RFL | inherent reflexive
-SBJ | subject
-SPR | secondary predicate
-TMP | temporal
-VOC | vocative

#### Extended tags

Label | Definition
--- | ---
-LFD | left-dislocated

-PRN parenthetical or appositive
-RSP resumptive
-SPE direct speech (only on CP, IP)
-XXX unknown function

#### "Meta" tags

CODE | material that is not part of the text proper (text markup, page numbers, editorial comments, and the like)
FOREIGN | passage in any foreign language other than (or, in PCEEC2, including) Latin
LATIN | passage in Latin
META | special text material (stage directions, speaker changes in plays, quotations in Modern English from Middle English, and the like)
REF | references in the original text to sources of quotations

### IP types

Label | Type | Subtype
--- | --- | ---
IP-ABS | absolute clause |
IP-IMP | imperative |
IP-INF | infinitive | -ABS (absolute infinitive)
-ADT (infinitival adjunct)
-DEG (degree infinitive)
-PRP (purpose infinitive)
-SBJ (as subject)
IP-MAT | matrix clause |
IP-PPL | participial clause | -ABS (absolute)
-OB1 (as complement of verb or preposition)
-SBJ (as subject)
IP-SMC | small clause |
IP-SUB | subordinate clause |
RRC | reduced relative clause |

### CP types

Label | Type | Subtype
--- | --- | ---
CP-ADV | adverbial clause |
CP-CAR | clause-adjoined relative clause |
CP-CLF | IT cleft |
CP-CMP | comparative clause |
CP-DEG | degree complement clause |
CP-EOP | empty operator clause (nonfinite) |
CP-EXL | exclamation (direct or indirect) |
CP-FRL | free relative clause |
CP-QUE (always annotated for subtype) | -MAT (direct question)
-SUB (indirect question)
-SUB-ADV (adverbial WHETHER clause)
-SUB-SBJ (ndirect question as subject)
-TAG (tag question)
CP-REL | relative clause |
CP-THT | THAT complement clause | -SBJ (as subject)
CP-TMC | TOUGH movement complement |

### Empty categories

*arb* | arbitrary subject in ECM infinitive (WE HEAR TELL)
*con* | subject elided under conjunction
*exp* | empty expletive subject
*pro* | empty thematic subject (rare in English)
*ICH* | mnemonic for "insert constituent here"; trace of extraposition, scrambling, or other movement type that does not fit neatly into the A/A' dichotomy
*T* | trace of A'-movement
* | trace of A-movement where required by guidelines; also default empty category
0 | empty operator (when immediately dominated by wh- phrase); empty terminal node (when immediately dominated by POS label)

### Indices

Numeric indices are used to coindex:

- antecedents with their traces
- expletives

(overt or empty) with their associates (whether clauses or noun phrases)
- gapped clauses with the full clauses that license them (see Gapping, Right node raising)