## Internal structure of phrases

- Adjective phrase (`ADJP`)
  - Head of ADJP
  - Complement of ADJ
  - Modifier of ADJ
  - Movement out of ADJP (see Clause-level constituents)
  - Treatment of individual words
    - LEAST
    - LESS
    - MORE
    - MOST
    - MUCH
    - SUCH
- Adverb phrase (`ADVP`)
  - Complement of ADV
  - Modifier of ADV
  - Treatment of individual words
    - AGO
- Conjunction phrase (`CONJP`) (see Conjunction)
- Fragment (`FRAG`)
- Interjection phrase (`INTJP`)
- Noun phrase (`NP`)
  - Head of NP
  - Complement of N
  - Modifier of N
  - Nominal versus mixed gerund
  - Treatment of individual words
    - (THE) WHILE
- Number phrase (`NUMP`)
  - Special cases (UP TO FIVE, BETWEEN TWO AND THREE, THREE TIMES FIVE)
- Prepositional phrase (`PP`)
  - Complement of P
  - Modifier of P
  - Specifier of P
    - Movement to Spec(PP)
    - Dative of possession (NP-DPS)
  - Treatment of individual words
    - BECAUSE
    - FOR (preposition)
    - FORASMUCH (also INASMUCH, INSOMUCH)
    - SO THAT
- Quantifier phrase (`QP`) (see also Floated quantifier, Measure phrase)
  - Complement of Q
  - Modifier of Q
  - Treatment of individual words
    - (THE) LESS
    - (THE) MORE
- Wh- phrase
  - WADJP
  - WADVP
  - WNP
  - WPP
  - WQP
- Nonstructural labels
  - CODE
  - Foreign language passage (`LATIN`, `FOREIGN`)
  - List marker (`LS`)
  - META
  - Quotation phrase (`QTP`)
  - Reference (`REF`)

This section of the documentation focuses on the internal structure of phrasal constituents. Phrases at the clausal level (= daughters of IP) are often labeled with dash tags and extended tags encoding additional information, as described in Clause-level constituents. This section also covers certain nonstructural tags used to label foreign language passages, quotations, references, and similar material.

### Adjective phrase (`ADJP`)

- Head of ADJP
  - Silent head of ADJP
  - Comparative adjective as head of ADJP
  - Superlative adjective as head of ADJP
- Complement of ADJ
  - NP complement of ADJ
    - ALRE plus superlative
  - PP complement of ADJ
  - Clausal complement of ADJ
- Modifier of ADJ
- Movement out of ADJP (see Clause-level constituents)
- Treatment of individual words
  - LEAST
  - LESS
  - MORE
  - MOST
  - MUCH
  - SUCH

Adjective phrases (`ADJP`) consist of an adjectival head, possibly accompanied by complements and/or modifiers.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ true)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ true)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJR fairer)
>     	(PP (P than)
>     	    (NP (D the) (OTHERS others)))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS worst)
>     	(PP (P of)
>     	    (NP (Q all)))))

Complements and/or modifiers can either precede or follow the head. See also Movement out of ADJP.

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (NP (Q nothing))))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (Q nocht))		    ← worth nothing
>             (ADJ wur+d)))

#### Head of ADJP

#### Silent head of ADJP

The construction TWENTY MILES FROM LONDON is treated as the projection of an implicit `ADJ` head corresponding to DISTANT.

>     ( (ADJP-LOC (NP-MSR (NUM twenty) (NS miles))
>                 (ADJ distant)                         ← with overt head
>     	    (PP (P from)
>     		(NP (NPR London)))))

>     ( (ADJP-LOC (NP-MSR (NUM twenty) (NS miles))      ← with implicit head
>     	    (PP (P from)
>     		(NP (NPR London)))))

#### Comparative adjective as head of ADJP

| When (THE) LESS and (THE) MORE are treated as comparative adjectives in the PPCME2, as they sometimes are, the discussion below extends to them.

At the clausal level, comparative adjectives accompanied by a determiner are daughters of either `ADJP` or `NP`

, depending on whether they are functioning as predicates or referring expressions. The containing phrase is labeled `ADJP` in the elided correlative comparatives (THE MORE THE MERRIER), in small clauses, or generally when it is the complement of a copular verb. However, even then, it is labeled `NP` if it picks out a particular entity; see Comparative adjective as modifier of elided noun.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (BED was)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuer))
>               (ADJP-PRD (D +te) (ADJR wors))
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,31.882))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ first)
>     		  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     			  (C that)
>     			  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     				  (VBD cam)
>     				  (PP (P over)
>     				      (NP *T*-1)))))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (NP-PRD (D the) (ADJR greatter))     	      ← referring expression
>               (PUNC ,))
>       (ID LELAND-1539-E1-P1,89.238))

#### Superlative adjective as head of ADJP

| When LEAST and MOST are treated as superlative adjectives in the PPCME2, as they sometimes are, the discussion below extends to them.

At the clausal level, superlative adjectives are generally labeled `NP`. But a superlative adjective projects an `ADJP` if it meets all of the following conditions:

- It occurs alone (without a determiner, possessive, or modifier).
- It is the complement of a copular verb.
- It functions as a predicate rather than as a referring expression (that is, it does not pick out a particular entity).

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N day))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJS schortest)))
>       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,107.734))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJS eldest)))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,14.408))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N +tyng)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO +tai))
>                                       (VBP (VBP sai) (CONJ or) (DOP do)))))
>               (BEP es)
>               (ADJP-PRD (ADJS best)))
>       (ID CMROLLEP-M24,86.367))

#### Complement of ADJ

See also Superlative adjective as modifier of elided noun and Superlative adjective plus genitive.

Adjectives can take NP, PP, or clausal complements.

#### NP complement of ADJ

NP complements of adjectives are labeled bare `NP` (not `NP-COM`, as in the case of NP complements of nouns). If the complement is clearly a genitive, this is indicated on the noun's POS tag, but not at the phrasal level. Adjectives that take NP complements include the following items:

>     LIKE, NEAR, NEXT, NIGH, WORTH

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ like)
>             (NP (PRO$ our) (NS friends))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ worth)
>             (NP (NUM ten) (NS shillings))))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS nexte)
>             (NP (NP (D the) (N quene))
>                 (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                        (NP (D the) (NS byschoppys)
>                            (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV a-fore))
>     			    (VAN sayde))))))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,139.579))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS nest)
>             (NP (D +te) (ADJ hech+ge) (NPR heouene)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.208.2976))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ ny)
>             (NP (PRO$ oure) (N feyth)))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,87.2158))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (PRO hire))                    ← very close to her
>     	(ADV swi+de)
>     	(ADJ neih))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,5.45))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (Q nocht))	       	           ← worth nothing
>             (ADJ wur+d))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.105.1289))

In early texts, some adjectives (APPROPRIATE, FULL, OBEDIENT, PLEASING, etc.) that take PP complements in Modern English took NP complements (usually datives). Like the complements of other adjectives, these are tagged as bare `NP`, whether they precede or follow the head. Affected NPs are distinct; they are treated as separate constituents and labeled `NP-OB2`.

>     ( (ADJP (NP (PRO us))
>             (ADJ biheue))			← appropriate, fitting
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,201.2786))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (PRO it))			← aware
>             (ADJ war))
>       (ID CMPETERB-M1,57.520))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (Q euch) (N$ godes))	← full
>             (ADJ ful))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,63.137))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ gredi)			← greedy
>             (NP (D +tes) (N eses)))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,123.1206))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ ihersum)			← obedient
>             (NP (PRO$ his) (N cunne)))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,109.1018))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (PRO him))
>             (ADJ ibuhsum))			← obedient
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,113.1078))

>     ( (ADJP (NP (NPR assur))
>             (ADJ iqueme))			← pleasing
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.115.1451))

#### ALRE plus superlative

In Middle English, the pre-head (plural) possessive quantifier ALRE occurs with superlative heads (`ADJS`, `ADVS`, `QS`) or the semantically superlative FIRST/LAST (`ADV`). In texts from the first Middle English period (M1), ALRE in this construction is treated as a separate word. It is tagged `Q$` and treated as a bare `NP` complement of the licensing adjective.

>     ( (ADJP (NP (Q$ alre))
>             (ADJS hest))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.208.2978))

>     ( (ADVP (NP (Q$ alre))
>             (ADV earest))		    ← FIRST/LAST not tagged superlative
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.43.380))

>     ( (QP (NP (Q$ alre))
>           (QS meast))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,50.490))

The few cases in this period of ALRE written together with MOST are treated as compounds (`Q$+QS`).

>     ( (QP (Q$+QS alremest))
>       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,49.636))

In the later periods of Middle English, ALRE is treated as a prefix (see MED, s.v. alder-) forming part of a unitary word that is tagged as a superlative (`ADJS`, `ADVS`, `QS`).

>     ( (NP-VOC (ADJS aldermy+gtfullichest))      ← later Middle English texts
>       (ID CMEARLPS-M2,54.2353))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS althirhegeste))
>       (ID CMROLLTR-M24,1.19))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS al+tire-beste))
>       (ID CMEDTHOR-M34,33.429))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJS al+ter_best))
>       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,79.362))

>     ( (ADJP-LOC (ADJS al+ter_next)
>                 (NP (D +te) (N kyng)))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,66.1971))

#### PP complement of ADJ

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ myghty)
>             (PP (P of)
>                 (NP (NS men))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.184))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJR fayrere)
>             (PP (P +ten)
>                 (NP (D +te) (N sunne))))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,26.20))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ ware)
>             (PP (P of)
>                 (NP (PRO$ their) (N departyng))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.19))

>     ( (ADJP (ADJ glad)
>             (PP (P of)
>                 (NP (PRO$ their) (N comynge))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,12.335))

#### Clausal complement of ADJ

- THAT complement (`CP-THT`)

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ glad)
  >             (CP-THT (C that)
  >                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hys) (NS knyghtes))
  >                             (BED were)
  >                             (ADJP-PRD (ADJ horsed))
  >                             (ADVP (ADV agayne)))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,23.724))

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ sory)
  >             (CP-THT (C 0)
  >                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                             (HVD had)
  >                             (VBN displeased)
  >                             (NP-OB1 (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,49.1633))

- Comparative clause (`CP-CMP`)

  >     ( (ADJP (D +te) (ADJR schorter)
  >             (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
  >                     (C 0)
  >                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
  >                             (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                             (BEP is))))
  >       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,28.228))

  >     ( (ADJP (D the) (ADJR richer)
  >             (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
  >                     (C that)
  >                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
  >                             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                             (BEP is))))
  >       (ID CMCTMELI-M3,235.C1.680))

  >     ( (ADJP (D the) (ADJR hyer)
  >             (CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
  >                     (C that)
  >                     (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
  >                             (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >                             (BED were)
  >                             (PP (P in)
  >                                 (NP (D this) (ADJ present) (N lyf))))))
  >       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,292.C1.153))

- Tough movement complement (`CP-TMC`)

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ easie)
  >     	(CP-TMC (WNP-1 0)
  >     		(IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >     			  	(TO to)
  >     				(VB mount))
  >     			(CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     			       (IP-INF (TO *)
  >     				       (VB get)
  >     				       (PP (RP vp)
  >     					   (P vpon)
  >     					   (NP *T*-1))))))
  >     	(PUNC ;))
  >       (ID MARKHAM-1615-E2-H,1,71.11))

- Infinitival complement (`IP-INF`)

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ redy)
  >             (IP-INF (PP (P with)
  >                         (NP (Q many) (NS knyghtes)))
  >                     (TO to)
  >                     (VB ryde)
  >                     (PP (P on)
  >                         (NP (N huntynge)))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,33.1036))

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ able)
  >             (IP-INF (TO to)
  >                     (HV have)
  >                     (VBN macched)
  >                     (NP-OB1 (PRO us))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,57.1908))

  >     ( (ADJP (ADJ worthy)
  >             (IP-INF (TO to)
  >                     (VB lye)
  >                     (PP (P within)
  >                         (NP (D thys) (N+N chyrcheyarde)))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,643.4030))

#### Modifier of ADJ

Modifiers of adjectives include adverbs, adverb phrases, quantifiers, quantifier phrases, and measure phrases.

>     ( (ADJP (ADV quite) (ADJ wise)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV well) (ADJ aware)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR as) (ADJ longe)))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ noble)))

>     ( (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ hardy))

>     ( (ADJP (QS moste) (ADJS shamefullyste))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,43.1448))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (FP but) (Q halff) (D a) (N foote))
>             (ADJ brode))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,70.2381))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (NP (D a) (N fote))
>                     (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                            (NP (D an) (NUM half))))
>             (ADJ long))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,6.95))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV wonderly) (ADJ wrothe))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.20))

>     ( (ADJP (ADV wood) (ADJ wrothe))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,26.798))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVP (ADV passynge) (ADV sore))
>             (ADJ seke))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.172))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVP (ADV ful) (ADV wel))
>             (ADJ worthy))
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,249.4171))

>     ( (ADJP (ADVP (ADVR se) (ADV freoliche))
>             (ADJ feire))
>       (ID CMMARGA-M1,76.351))

>     ( (ADJP (NP-MSR (NUM a_+tousend)
>                     (NS zy+te))			← times
>     	(ADJR worse))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,265.2557))

### Adverb phrase (`ADVP`)

- Complement of ADV
  - PP complement of ADV
  - Clausal complement of ADV
- Modifier of ADV
- Treatment of individual words
  - AGO

See also Adverbial particle.

Adverb phrases (`ADVP`) consist of an adverb head, possibly accompanied by complements and/or modifiers. We distinguish different types of adverb phrase (directional, locative, temporal), but only at the clausal level; see Clause-level constituents for details.

>     ( (ADVP (ADV suddenly)))

>     ( (ADVP (ADV wel))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.12))

>     ( (ADVP-DIR (ADV hither)))

>     ( (ADVP-LOC (ADV then)))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV then)))

#### Complement of ADV

#### PP complement of ADV

In general, the only adverbs that take complements are degree adverbs. See Comparative clause and Degree clause for details.

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR as)
>     	(ADV soon)
>     	(PP (P as)                                ← complement of AS, not SOON
>     	    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>     			    (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     			    (MD can))))))

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR so)
>     	(ADV well)
>             (PP (P as)                                ← complement of SO, not WELL
>                 (NP (PRO he))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,17.535))

>     ( (ADVP (QR more)                                 ← complement of MORE, not OPENLY
>             (ADV opynly)
>             (PP (P than)
>                 (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
>                         (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                 (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                                 (HVP hath)
>                                 (BEN bene)
>                                 (VAN shewed)
>                                 (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,635.3781))

#### Clausal complement of ADV

Again, the only adverbs that take clausal complements are degree adverbs. See Comparative clause) and Degree clause for detailed discussion.

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR so)
>     	(ADV fersely)
>             (CP-DEG (C that)                                   ← complement of SO, not FIERCELY
>                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS strokis))
>                             (VBD $redounded)
>                             (ADVP (ADV agayne))
>                             (PP (P fro)
>                                 (NP (NP (D the) (N woode))
>                                     (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                            (NP (D the) (N watir))))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,25.789))

#### Modifier of ADV

Modifiers of adverbs include other adverbs, adverb phrases, quantifiers, quantifier phrases, and measure phrases.

>     ( (ADVP (ADV full) (ADV well))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,16.511))

>     ( (ADVP (ADV passyinge) (ADV sore))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.172))

>     ( (ADVP (ADV ryght) (ADV so))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,15.449))

>     ( (ADVP (ADVR so) (ADV sodenly))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.20))

>     ( (ADVP (QR more) (ADV esily))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,35.859))

>     ( (ADVP (QP (D +te) (QR more))
>             (ADV ble+telaker))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,69.1284))

>     ( (ADVP (Q all) (ADV togydirs))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,27.837))

>     ( (ADVP (Q all) (ADV uttirly))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,191.2819))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (ADV euermore) (ADV after))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,65.1948))

>     ( (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM ij) (NS dayes))
>                 (ADV aftyr))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,186.1353))

>     ( (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM x) (N myle))
>             (ADV thens))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,114.2626))

>     ( (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM halffe))
>     	(ADVR so)
>     	(ADV sore))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,46.1511))

### Fragment (`FRAG`)

`FRAG` is a last resort for annotating material for which there is not enough material to construct an IP, not even an absolute clause (`IP-ABS`, `IP-PPL-ABS`). `FRAG`s generally consist of at least two constituents, but unary-branching `FRAG`s can be appropriate in connection with elision or gapping.

Fragments that are direct speech are labeled `QTP` rather than `FRAG`.

>     ( (FRAG (INTJ No)
>     	(PUNC ,)
>     	(ADVP (ADV certainly))
>     	(NP-TMP (NEG not) (N today))
>     	(NP-ADV (D the) (N way)
>     		(CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
>     			(C that)
>     			(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     				(NP-SBJ (PRO it@))
>     				(BEP @'s)
>     				(VAG pouring))))
>     	(PUNC !)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (Q many))
>     	  (PP (P if)
>     	      (FRAG (NEG not)
>     		    (NP (QS most))))
>     	  (MD would)
>     	  (VB agree)
>     	  (PUNC .)))

>     ( (FRAG (CONJ And)
>             (NP (Q no) (N wonder))
>             (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,52.812))

>     ( (FRAG (INTJ Nay)
>             (PUNC ,)
>             (ADVP (ADV dredeles))
>             (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,36.303))

>     ( (FRAG (PP (P In)
>                 (NP (NPR Lente)))
>             (NP (ONE o) (N manere)
>                 (PP (P of)
>                     (NP (N potage))))
>             (NP-TMP (Q euery) (N day))
>             (PUNC ,)
>             (PP (P but)
>                 (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N siknesse))
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>                                 (VBP make))))
>             (PUNC ;))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,9.211))

>     ( (FRAG (NP (NPR Aue))
>             (PUNC ;)
>             (LATIN (FW In) (FW conyertendo))
>             (PUNC ;)
>             (NP-MSR (NUM fif) (NS si+d+den))	← five times
>             (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.70.271))

### Interjection phrase (`INTJP`)

Single words tagged as `INTJ` do not project an `INTJP`, even as clause-level constituents, except as noted below.

>     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (INTJ A)				← clause-level constituent, not part of NP-VOC
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (NP-VOC (NPR sir) (NPR Arthure))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Ban))
>                                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                              (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Bors)))))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (VBI blame)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
>                   (NEG nat)
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,27.840))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (INTJ Nay)
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS kyngis)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                   (MD shall)
>                   (NEG nat)
>                   (VB *)
>                   (PP (P at)
>                       (NP (D thys) (N tyme)))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,31.985))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (PUNC ')
>                   (INTJ Alas)
>                   (PUNC !)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>                               (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM eleven) (NS kyngis)))
>                   (PUNC ,)
>                   (PUNC ')
>                   (ADVP-LOC (ADV here))
>     	      (NP-SBJ=1 *exp*)
>                   (BEP ys)
>                   (NP=1 (N sorow)
>                         (PP (P uppon)
>                             (NP (N sorow))))
>                   (PUNC ,))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,32.1004))

The label `INTJP` is used in the following cases:

- When an interjection makes up a separate token, as is commonly the case with the word AMEN at the end of sermons

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Amen)
  >              (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,60.1033))

- With consecutive interjections

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ A) (INTJ ha)))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ weila) (INTJ wei)))

- When an interjection is a complement

  >     ( (PP (PP (P by)
  >               (INTJP (INTJ yea)))
  >           (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                  (PP (P by)
  >                      (INTJP (INTJ nay)))))
  >       (ID PENNY-1686-E3-H,150.268))

- When a word that is not tagged `INTJ` at the word level (see Interjection) is used as an interjection, either alone or as part of a phrase

  | PPs that are used as interjections (BY MY FAITH, etc.) are labeled as ordinary PPs and not surrounded by `INTJP` brackets, at least not consistently.

  >     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (INTJP (WPRO What))
  >     	      (PUNC ,)
  >     	      (IP-SUB (BEP is)
  >     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >     		      (ADJP-PRD (ADJ possible)))
  >     	      (PUNC ?)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (INTJP (WADV Why))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ (D that))
  >     	  (BEP is)
  >     	  (NEG not)
  >     	  (ADJP-PRD (ADJ possible))
  >     	  (PUNC !)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJP (WD what) (D the) (NPR devil)))	← WHAT forms part of interjection
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >     	  (VBD exclaimed)
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WNP-1 (WPRO what)			← WHAT functions as ordinary wh- phrase
  >                          (INTJP (D the) (NPR devil)))
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T-1*)
  >                           (DOD did)
  >                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >         	  	      (VB say))
  >                   (PUNC ?)))

  >     ( (IP-IMP-SPE (INTJP (WPRO what) (ADJ good) (N lord))        ← not a true vocative
  >                   (VBI late)
  >                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                           (ADJP-PRD (ADJ allone))))
  >       (ID CMREYNAR-M4,12.215))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (INTJP (INTJ O) (ADJ goode) (NPR God))             ← not a true vocative
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (ADVP (ADV wel))
  >               (MD oghte)
  >               (NP-SBJ (MAN man))
  >               (HV have)
  >               (NP-OB1 (N desdayn)
  >                       (PP (P of)
  >                           (NP (N synne)))))
  >       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,290.C2.100))

- When an interjection takes a complement, which can be an NP, PP, or clause (mostly restricted in Middle English)

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Alas)
  >              (PP (P to)
  >                  (NP (PRO me))))
  >       (ID CMEARLPS-M2,156.6965))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Allas)
  >              (NP (D +te) (N sorwe))
  >              (PUNC !))
  >       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,219.3922))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ allas)
  >              (CP-THT (C +tat)
  >                      (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
  >                              (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                              (VBD come)
  >                              (PP (P into)
  >                                  (NP (D +tat) (N Lande))))))
  >       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,18.541))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Amen)
  >              (PP (P for)
  >                  (NP (N cheryte)))
  >              (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,232.2429))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Farewel)
  >              (PUNC ,)
  >              (NP-VOC (ADJ goostly) (N freende))
  >              (PUNC ,)
  >              (PP (P in)
  >                  (NP (NP (NPR$ Goddes) (N blessing))
  >                      (CONJP (CONJ &)
  >                             (NP (PRO$ myne)))))
  >              (PUNC !))
  >       (ID CMCLOUD-M3,133.823))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ fye)
  >              (PP (P for)
  >                  (NP (N shame))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,207.3407))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Fye)
  >              (PP (P on)
  >                  (NP (PRO the))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,207.3437))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Lo)
  >              (NP (D +tis))
  >              (PUNC ,))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,I.50.102))

  >     ( (INTJP (NP-VOC (N Womman))
  >              (PUNC ,)
  >              (INTJ lo)
  >              (NP (PRO$ thy) (N sone)))
  >       (ID CMAELR4-M4,21.643))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ lo)
  >              (ADVP-LOC (ADV her))
  >              (NP (N preoue)
  >                  (PP (P of)
  >                      (NP (Q ba+de))))
  >              (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.179.2497))

  >     ( (INTJP (PP (P a+gein)
  >                  (NP (N misdede) (CONJ o+der) (N mis_sa+ge)))
  >              (PUNC .)
  >              (INTJ lo)
  >              (ADVP-LOC (ADV her))
  >              (ADVP-TMP (ADV anonden))
  >              (NP (D +te) (ADJS beste) (N remedie)))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.101.1215))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ loo)
  >              (PUNC ,)
  >              (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP-1 (WPRO what))
  >                          (C 0)
  >                          (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >                                  (VBP seith)
  >                                  (NP-SBJ (NPR Seint) (NPR Augustyn))))
  >              (PUNC :))
  >       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,308.C2.866))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Lo)
  >              (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV howe) (ADV sone))
  >                          (C 0)
  >                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >                                  (MD couthe)
  >                                  (VB play)
  >                                  (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS nygardys))))
  >              (PUNC !))
  >       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,238.2601))

  >     ( (INTJP (INTJ Walawa)
  >              (NP (NP (D +tessere) (N lare))
  >                  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                         (NP (D +desere) (N dade))))
  >              (PUNC !))
  >       (ID CMVICES1-M1,127.1568))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJP (INTJ wumme)
  >     		      (CP-THT-SPE (C +tt)
  >     				  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO ich))
  >     					      (VBP libbe)))))
  >     	  (VBD q+d)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMJULIA-M1,124.503))

### Noun phrase (`NP`)

- Head of NP
  - Noun or pronoun as head of NP
  - ONE and OTHER as head of NP
  - Compound noun
  - NP with elided head (e.g., THE POOR, THE RICH)
    - Comparative adjective as modifier of elided noun
    - Superlative adjective as modifier of elided noun
- Complement of N
  - NP complement of N (`NP-COM`)
    - COUPLE, HALF, MANNER, MIDDLE, NEED, SIDE, WOE
    - KIND
    - Superlative adjective plus genitive
  - PP complement of N (see PP modifier of N)
  - Clausal complement of N
- Modifier of N
  - Adjectival modifier of N
  - Number modifier of N
  - Quantifier modifier of N
  - PP modifier of N
  - Genitive/possessive modifier of N
  - Measure phrase modifier of N
  - Relative clause
  - Reduced relative clause
  - Appositive or parenthetical
- Nominal versus mixed gerund
- Treatment of individual words
  - (THE) WHILE

#### Head of NP

#### Noun or pronoun as head of NP

Noun phrases are canonically headed by an overt nominal element (`N`, `NPR`, `PRO`).

>     ( (NP (N peace)))

>     ( (NP (NPR Arthur)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ his) (N castle)))

>     ( (NP (D a) (ADJ fair) (N lady)))

>     ( (NP (PRO they)))

#### ONE and OTHER as head of NP

The words ONE and OTHER, which have their own tags, count as nominal elements and can head NPs.

>     ( (NP (ONE one)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ONE one)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ red) (ONES ones)))

>     ( (NP (D+OTHER another)))

>     ( (NP (Q many) (OTHERS others)))

#### Compound noun

An `NP` generally immediately dominates no more than one (non-genitive) `N` - namely, its head. An exception is made for noun-noun compounds. If the compound is written together as a single word, it is tagged `N+N` (in Middle English). If it is written apart, both parts are labeled `N` but not grouped together separately.

>     ( (NP-SBJ (N somer) (N tyme))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,106.3204))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (N knaue) (N child))
>       (ID CMLAMB1-M1,77.81))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (D +te) (N angel) (N message))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,39.380))

>     ( (NP-DIR (D the) (N est) (N lyne))
>       (ID CMASTRO-M3,667.C2.146))

>     ( (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N +tef) (N traitoure))
>       (ID CMBRUT3-M3,128.3854))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (D the) (N draught) (N brygge)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                      (NP (NPR London))))
>       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,193.1488))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ harde) (N alebastir) (N boxe)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (PRO$ thyn) (N hert))))
>       (ID CMAELR4-M4,20.560))

For forms of address like SIR KNIGHT and for names (UTHER PENDRAGON, KING ARTHUR), see Common noun or proper noun?, particularly the section on noun-noun sequences.

Strings of two or more nouns making up a noun phrase can also be conjunction structures without an overt conjunction (FRIENDS, ROMANS, COUNTRYMEN).

#### NP with elided head

NPs without one of overt nominal elements mentioned above (`N`, `NPR`, `ONE`, `OTHER`, `PRO`)) are assumed to have an elided nominal head. The elided head is not explicitly included in the annotation, but is implicit in the `NP` that it projects. In other words, in our annotation system, demonstratives, adjectives, numbers, quantifiers, and possessive expressions always function as modifiers, not as heads, contrary to possible superficial appearances.

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ poor)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ rich)))

>     ( (NP-MSR (ADJ long)))

>     ( (NP (ADJ enough)))

>     ( (NP (D that)))

>     ( (NP (NUM three)))

>     ( (NP (NPR$ John's))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ mine)))

>     ( (NP (Q many)))

>     ( (NP (ADJP (ADJ high) (CONJ and) (ADJ low)))

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJ last)))

>     ( (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJS best)))

>     ( (NP (Q all) (D this)))

>     ( (NP (NP (D a) (ADJ fair) (N lady))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (D a)
>                      (ADJP (ADV passing) (ADJ wise))))))

#### Comparative adjective as modifier of elided noun

At the clausal level, comparative adjectives accompanied by a determiner are daughters of either `NP` or `ADJP`, depending on whether the containing phrase is functioning as a referring expression or as a predicate. It is labeled `NP` when it functions as a noun phrase (subject, object of verb or preposition, etc.). This includes cases where the phrase clearly picks out a particular entity, even if the phrase is the complement of a copular verb. Otherwise, the phrase is labeled `ADJP` (see Comparative adjective as head of ADJP).

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P When)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ONE ane))
>                                   (VBP metis)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (D+OTHER a-no+tir)))))
>               (PUNC ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJR yunger))
>               (MD sal)
>               (NEG noht)
>               (VB sitte)
>               (PP (P bi)
>                   (NP (PRO hir)))
>       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,41.1312))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJR stronggyr))
>               (VBD eete)
>               (NP-OB1 (D +te) (CODE <P_85>) (ADJR wekir))
>               (PUNC .))
>       (ID CMSIEGE-M4,85.447))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>               (BED was)
>               (NP-PRD (D +te) (ADJR +gongyr)))		← referring expression, not predicate
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,93.2510))

>     Context: When Esau was away, Jacob, who was the younger
>     brother, by his mother's cunning advice, received his father's
>     blessing.

#### Superlative adjective as modifier of elided noun

See also Superlative adjective plus genitive.

At the clausal level, superlative adjectives accompanied by a determiner are generally daughters of `NP`. Under certain narrow conditions, they project `ADJP` (see Superlative adjective as head of ADJP).

Superlative adjectives with apparent complements generally function as referential expressions and are labeled `NP` at the phrasal label. The complement is treated as a complement of the (elided) noun.

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (D that))
>     	      (BEP is)
>     	      (NP-PRD (D the) (ADJS foulest))
>     	      (PUNC ,))
>       (ID ARMIN-1608-E2-H,45.375))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (ADJS worst)			← parallel to THE WORST ONE OF ALL
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (Q all))))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (ADVP (ADV so))
>               (NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N secte))
>               (BEP is)
>               (NP-PRD (ADJS best)			← no determiner, but modified and referential
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +tat)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (Q any) (N man))
>                                       (MD may)
>                                       (HV haue)))))
>       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,265.698))

#### Complement of N

#### NP complement of N (`NP-COM`)

See also Measure phrase modifiers of N and NP complements of Q.

Bare NP complements of nouns are labeled `NP-COM`. This includes cases where a genitive NP in early texts corresponds to an OF phrase in later English. The complement may precede or follow the head and consist of one word or several.

`NP-COM` continues to occur into Modern English, especially with ABOARD, AMID, HALF, and SIDE.

>     ( (NP (N gewittnysse)
>           (NP-COM (NP (PRO$ hire) (N$ m+age+dhades))
>                   (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                          (NP (PRO$ hire) (N$ eadmodnysse)))))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,135.29))

>     ( (NP (N m+aigne)
>           (NP-COM (ADJ unw+ammes) (N$ m+age+dhades)))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,134.22))

>     ( (NP (N moder)
>           (NP-COM (NP-COM (D +te) (ADJ ilke) (N$ zodes))
>                   (PUNC /)
>                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                          (NP-COM (PRO$ oure) (NPR$ lhordes)
>                                  (NP-PRN (NPR iesu) (NPR$ cristes))))))
>       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,266.2603))

>     ( (NP (Q sum) (N d+al)
>           (NP-COM (PRO$ heora) (N$ gewilles)))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,143.224))

>     ( (NP-TMP (D +t+as) (ADJ formeste) (N d+a+ges)
>               (NP-COM (D +t+are) (N$ wuca)))
>       (ID CMKENTHO-M1,144.258))

#### COUPLE, HALF, MANNER, MID, NEED, SIDE, WOE

`NP-COM` is always used in connection with NPs occurring with the following nouns, even when the NP is genitive in form. See also KIND.

> COUPLE, HALF, MANNER, MID (and variants), NEED, SIDE, WOE

>     ( (NP (NUM thirty) (N coupyl)
>           (NP-COM (NS houndes)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,33.1049))

>     ( (NP (D this) (N half)
>           (NP-COM (D the) (N see)))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,13.268))

>     ( (NP (Q no) (N maner)
>           (NP-COM (N harm)))
>       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,15.331))

>     ( (NP (N myddis)
>           (NP-COM (D the) (N shelde)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,39.1287))

>     ( (NP (Q nan) (N neod)
>           (NP-COM (N medicine)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.136.1803))

>     ( (NP (D this) (N syde)
>           (NP-COM (NPR Trente) (N watir)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,19.579))

>     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N wa)				← WOE
>                       (NP-COM *ICH*-1))
>               (BEP bi+d)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO him))
>               (NP-COM-1 (PRO$ hise) (N$ liues)))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.142.1903))

#### KIND

The word KIND poses special difficulties because the structures containing it underwent reanalysis. In early texts, KIND is the head of a genitive NP modifying a noun.

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (Q sumes) (N$ kennes))	← FISH OF SOME KIND
>           (N fisc)))

KIND was either singular CUNNES, etc. or plural CUNNE, etc. Some texts, such as the Ormulum and the Katherine Group, maintain this distinction faithfully, while others, such as Ancrene Riwle and the Trinity Homilies are less consistent, either using both CUNNES and CUNNE in the same contexts, or not following any easily discernable pattern. The Lambeth Homilies seem to use the singular form in all contexts, whether singular or plural. Therefore, in texts from the first Middle English period (M1), KIND is marked as singular or plural by form rather than by context.

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (Q naness) (N$ kinness))	← early texts
>           (N shaffte))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,DED.L257.54))

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (Q alle)  (NS$ kinne))
>           (N wise))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,I,27.323))

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (NUM ni+ghenn) (NS$ kinne))
>           (N +teode))
>       (ID CMORM-M1,I,34.375))

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (NUM +treo) (N$ cunes))
>           (NS wepnes))
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.51.461))

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (D +Dese) (NUM fower) (NS$ kinne))
>           (NS teares))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,151.2019))

>     ( (NP (NP-COM (NUM Fuwer) (N$ kinnes))
>           (NS men))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,123.1646))

This construction is later reanalyzed, so that FISH OF SOME KIND becomes SOME KIND(S) (OF) FISH. In texts from later periods of Middle English, we continue to treat the few examples of KIND that occur without OF as heads with an `NP-COM` complement.

>     ( (NP (Q some) (NS kinds)				← later texts
>           (NP-COM (N fish))))

>     ( (NP (Q no) (N kynne)
>           (NP-COM (N vertew)))
>       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,370.2575))

>     ( (NP (Q no) (N kynne)
>           (NP-COM (N +ting))
>           (PP (P but)
>               (NP (PRO hym))))
>       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,370.2590))

#### Superlative adjective plus genitive

In early Middle English texts, superlative adjectives modifying a noun (which may be elided) can occur with a genitive NP. The genitive NP is treated as a complement of the head noun (not of the superlative adjective) and labeled `NP-COM`.

>     ( (NP (D +te)
>           (NP-COM (Q$ alre))
>           (ADJS unwur+teste)
>           (N wig))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,89.1185))

>     ( (NP (ADJS hegest)
>           (NP-COM (Q$ alre))
>           (N lor+tew)
>           (PP (P after)
>               (NP (PRO$ ure) (NPR helende)
>                   (NP-PRN (N seluen)))))
>       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,153.2043))

>     ( (NP (D +te)
>           (NP-COM (Q$ alre))
>           (ADJS wiseste)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-4 0)
>                   (C +te)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-4)
>                           (VBP wune+d)
>                           (PP (P bi)
>                               (NP (N westen))))))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,28.141))

#### Clausal complement of N

Nouns can take clausal complements (`CP-THT`, `IP-INF`, etc.) (see Types of subordinate clauses for details). Complements of CASE are labeled `CP-THT`. In connection with FORASMUCH and similar words (INASMUCH, INSOMUCH), clauses that were originally degree complements are labeled as adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`).

#### Modifier of N

NPs are modified by adjectives and adjective phrases (`ADJ`, `ADJP`), numbers and number phrases (`NUM`, `NUMP`), quantifiers and quantifier phrases (`Q`, `QP`), prepositional phrases (`PP`), genitives and possessives (`N$`, `PRO$`, `NP-POS`), measure noun phrases (`NP-MSR`), ordinary and reduced relative clauses (`CP-REL`, `RRC`), and appositives and parentheticals (`NP-PRN`).

#### Adjectival modifier of N

Postnominal adjectives are always surrounded by `ADJP` brackets, even when the adjective a single word (HEIRS MALES, POUND STERLING).

For the treatment of offices containing adjectives (ATTORNEY GENERAL, LORD CHIEF JUSTICE, LORD HIGH ADMIRAL, and the like), see Proper nouns, especially the sections on N + N sequences and offices.

>     ( (NP (ADJ solitarye) (N lyf))
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,26.5))

>     ( (NP (D a)
>           (ADJP (ADV passyng) (ADJ good))
>           (N woman))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.15))

>     ( (NP (NPR God)
>           (ADJP (ADJ almyghty)))		← posthead modifier treated as phrase
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,126.3381))

>     ( (NP (D +te) (NUM fyue) (NS wondys)
>           (ADJP (ADJ principale))
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (PRO$ hys) (N body))))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,126.3390))

#### Number modifier of N

NUM(P), like Q(P), is not further specified as a measure phrase at the NP level.

>     ( (NP (D the) (NUM four) (NS Evangelistes))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.73))

>     ( (NP (NS lotess)
>           (NUMP (NUM fowwre_&_twennti+g)))		← posthead modifier treated as phrase
>       (ID CMORM-M1,I,14.239))

#### Quantifier modifier of N

Q(P), like NUM(P), is not further specified as a measure phrase at the NP level.

>     ( (NP (Q all) (NPR Englond))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.6))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADV ny) (Q al))
>           (D +te)
>           (N cuntre)
>           (PP (P aboute)
>               (NP (NPR Rome))))
>       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,85.1599))

>     ( (NP (QP (ADVR to) (Q mech))
>           (N wyn))
>       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,69.1564))

>     ( (NP (PRO hem)
>           (QP (Q alle)))			← posthead modifier treated as phrase
>       (ID CMAELR3-M23,42.459))

>     ( (NP (N fruyt)
>           (QP (ADVR as)
>     	  (Q mony)			← no NP-MSR; PP is complement of Q
>               (PP (P as)
>                   (CP-CMP (WQP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-2 *exp*)
>                                   (BED wer)
>                                   (NP-2 (QP *T*-1)
>                                         (NS sterres)
>                                         (PP (P of)
>                                             (NP (NPR Heuen)))))))))
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,77.2054))

#### PP modifier of N

Our annotation scheme makes no distiction between complements and modifiers at the NP level, and the following discussion extends to PP complements of N.

>     ( (NP (N kynge)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (Q all) (NPR Englond))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.6))

>     ( (NP (D the) (NS dayes)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (NPR Uther) (NPR Pendragon))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.6))

>     ( (NP (NP (D the) (NPR Resurreccion))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (D the) (NPR Passion)))
>           (PP (P of)						← default high attachment
>               (NP (PRO$ oure) (N Lorde)
>                   (NP-PRN (NPR Jesu) (NPR Cryste)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,666.4834))

>     ( (NP (NP (D a) (ADJ ryche) (N bedde))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (D a) (ADJ fayre)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (N cloth)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (N sylke) (CONJ and) (N golde)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,660.4610))

#### Genitive/possessive modifier of N

| Not all genitive/possessive dependents of N are treated as modifiers. See Complements of N for details.

>     ( (NP (PRO$ his) (N wife)))

>     ( (NP (NPR$ God's) (N voice))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (D a) (N$ beggars))
>           (N array)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (NPR King) (NPR$ Uthers))
>           (NS men)))

>     ( (NP (NS men)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (PRO$ his)))))				← one-word possessive doesn't project NP-POS

>     ( (NP (NS men)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (NP-POS (NPR King) (NPR$ Uthers))))))	← multi-word possessive projects NP-POS

It is possible for a genitive to form a compound noun with a following noun (rather than forming a constituent with preceding material). As in the case of ordinary compound nouns, the constituent structure is not explicitly indicated in the annotation in these cases.

>     ( (NP (Q euch) (N$ worldes) (N sauur))			← each taste of the world,
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.82.979))			          NOT the taste of each world

>     ( (NP (D +Teose) (N$ heorte) (NS wunden))		← these wounds of the heart
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.201.2868))

>     ( (NP (SUCH such) (N$ worldys) (N murthe))	        ← such worldly mirth
>       (ID CMMIRK-M34,64.1739))

>     ( (NP (Q alle) (OTHER o+ture) (N$ monnes) (NS wittes))	← all other human wits
>       (ID CMEDVERN-M3,260.877))

Note the difference between the following two structures:

>     ( (NP (PRO$ hire) (N$ meidene) (N wombe))	← her [maiden's womb] (= her virgin womb)
>       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.62.634))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ hire) (N$ meidene))		← [her maiden's] womb (= the womb of her maiden)
>           (N wombe)))

The following examples illustrate our treatment of cases with the possessive clitic ('S, S). See Dollar tag for the conventions governing the splitting of the dollar tag.

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (NPR Peter)
>                   ($ his))
>           (N peny)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N Lord)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (NPR Bodmin)))
>                   ($ his))                                  ← clitic HIS
>           (N hat)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N Lord)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (NPR Bodmin@)))
>                   ($ @'s / @s))                             ← clitic with or without apostrophe
>           (N hat)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (D the) (N Lord)
>                   (PP (P of)
>                       (NP (NPR Bodmin@)))
>                   ($ @ys))                                  ← variant spelling
>           (N hat)))

>     ( (NP (NP-POS (NPR God)
>                   (ADJP (ADJ almighty@))
>                   ($ @'s / @s))                             ← clitic with or without apostrophe
>           (N mercy)))

#### Measure phrase modifier of N

Measure phrase modifiers of N that are themselves headed by `N` (rather than by `NUM` or `Q`) are bracketed as `NP-MSR`, even though they are not at the sentence level. See also the discussion of sentence-level measure phrases.

>     ( (NP (NP-MSR (NUM fyftene) (NS dayes))
>           (N journey))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,62.2091))

>     ( (NP-TMP (NUM twice)
>               (NP-MSR (D a) (N week))))

>     ( (NP (NUM fifty_thousand)
>           (NS pounds)
>           (NP-MSR (D a) (N year))))

>     ( (NP (N sugar)
>           (NP-MSR (NUM five) (NS pounds))))

>     ( (NP (NUM five) (NS pounds)			← NP-COM with inverse word order
>           (NP-COM (N sugar))))

#### Relative clause

This section focuses on the relation of relative clauses to the head they modify. The internal structure of relative clauses is discussed under "Relative clause" in Types of subordinate clauses.

>     ( (NP (D the) (ADJS byggest) (N castell)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                           (HVP hath))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.32))

>     ( (NP (PRO he)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-3 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>                           (MD shal)
>                           (BE be)
>                           (NP-PRD (ADJ rightwys) (N kyng)
>                                   (PP (P of)
>                                       (NP (D this) (N land)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.253))

>     ( (NP (D the) (N castel)
>           (PP (P of)
>               (NP (NPR Terrabyl)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 (D the) (WPRO whiche))
>                   (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (HVD had)
>                           (NP-OB1 (Q many) (NS yssues)
>                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                                          (NX (NS posternes)))
>     			      (RP oute)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,3.36))

>     ( (NP (Q all) (D the) (NS lordes)
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NX (NS comyns)))
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                   (C that)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (BED were)
>                           (ADVP-LOC (ADV there)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,11.303))

>     ( (NP (NP (D the) (N Knyght)
>               (PP (P with)
>                   (NP (D the) (NUM Two) (NS Swerdis))))
>           (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                  (NP (PRO$ hys) (N brothir)))
>           (PUNC ,)
>           (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
>          	      (C 0)
>                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                           (BEP ar)
>                           (NP-PRD (NUM two) (ADJ mervayles) (NS knyghtes)
>                                   (PP (P of)
>                                       (NP (N prouesse)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,56.1873))

#### Reduced relative clause

This section focuses on the relation of reduced relative clauses to the head they modify. The internal structure of reduced relative clauses is discussed under "Reduced relative clause" in Types of subordinate clauses.

| Reduced relatives (`RRC`) headed by participles are not always easy to distinguish from participial clauses (`IP-PPL`). It is wise in searches for one category to include the other.

>     ( (NP (D the) (N child)
>           (RRC (VAN bound)
>                (PP (P in)
>                    (NP (D a) (N cloth)
>                        (PP (P of)
>                            (NP (N gold)))))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.149))

>     ( (NP (D a) (N boye)
>           (RRC (PP (P of)
>                    (NP (Q no) (ADJ hyghe) (N blood)))
>                (VAN borne)))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,10.284))

>     ( (NP-OB1 (NS messyngers)
>               (PP (P unto)
>                   (NP (NPR kyng) (NPR Ban)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NX (NPR Bors)))))
>               (RRC (VAN isente)
>                    (PP (P frome)
>                        (NP (NPR kynge) (NPR Arthure)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,15.459))

#### Appositive or parenthetical

Noun phrases of the type THE LORD DAWKINS, MILADY DELAWARE are treated by default as appositive structures.

For examples of ordinary appositives and parentheticals in NP, see the section on clause-level appositives and parentheticals.

#### Nominal versus mixed gerund

Gerunds in English were originally nominal, and bare gerunds without complements are treated as nouns by default (including in the A HUNTING construction).

>     ( (ADJP-PRD (ADJ redy)
>     	    (IP-INF (PP (P with)
>     			(NP (Q many) (NS knyghtes)))
>     		    (TO to)
>        	   	    (VB ryde)
>     		    (PP (P on)
>     			(NP (N huntynge)))))
>       (ID CMMALORY-M4,33.1036))

>     ( (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>     	      (VB goe)
>     	      (PP (P on)
>     		  (NP (N huntinge)))
>        	      (NP-MSR (PP (P from)
>        			  (NP (N morninge)))
>     		      (PP (P to)
>     			  (NP (N nighte))))))
>       (ID FORMAN-1602-E2-H,12.271))

>     ( (IP-MAT (PP (P+N A-hunting))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD will)
>               (VB go)))

When gerunds take complements, these are originally PPs, in keeping with the nominal origin of the construction. Over time, English develops mixed gerunds, with characteristics of both noun phrases (they are introduced by a determiner or possessive pronoun and can be modified by adjectives) and participial clauses (the gerund takes an NP rather than a PP complement). The following examples illustrate the difference between nominal and mixed gerunds. In doubtful cases (for instance, when the gerund takes a PP complement), the default is nominal. For purely verbal gerunds, see Participial clause.

>     Nominal					Mixed

>     (NP (D the)				(NP (D the)
>         (N hunting)				    (IP-PPL (VAG hunting)
>         (PP (P of)					    (NP-OB1 (NS deer))))
>             (NP (NS deer))))

>     (NP (PRO$ their)			(NP (PRO$ their)
>         (ADJ joyous)			    (ADJ joyous)
>         (N singing)				    (IP-PPL (VAG singing)
>         (PP (P of)					    (NP-OB1 (NS hymns))))
>             (NP (NS hymns))))

>     					(NP (PRO$ their)
>     					    (IP-PPL (ADVP (ADV joyously))
>     						    (VAG singing)
>     						    (NP-OB1 (NS hymns))))

>     (NP (PRO$ his)
>         (N speaking)			← nominal by default
>         (PP (P to)
>             (NP (D the) (N lady))))

### Number phrase (`NUMP`)

Ordinary numbers are treated as unitary items. `NUMP` is added only if the number is modified or conjoined.

>     ( (NP (NUM five_hundred)
>           (NS cases)))

>     ( (NP (NUM a_thousand)
>           (NS cases)))

>     ( (NP (NUM a_two)
>           (NS miles)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (NEG not) (ADV quite) (NUM sixty_five))
>           (NS cases)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (ADV fully) (NUM five_and_sixty))
>           (NS cases)))

>     ( (NUMP (PP (P at)
>       	    (QP (QS least)))
>             (NUM a_thousand)))

>     ( (NUMP (NUM two) (CONJ or) (NUM three)))

>     ( (NUMP (NUM two) (CONJ or) (NUM three_hundred)))     ← elision

>     ( (NUMP (ADV approximately) (NUM fifty)
>     	(CONJP (CONJ or)
>     	       (NUMX (NUM sixty)))))

>     ( (NUMP (QP (ADVR swo (Q mani+ge))
>     	(NUM hundred))
>       (ID CMVICES1-M1,115.1394))

>     ( (NUMP (NUM fowr_+tusent)
>     	(ADVP (ADV fulle)))
>       (ID CMKATHE-M1,45.403))

When directly modifying numbers, the following words are tagged `ADV`:

>     ABOUT, ABOVE, NEAR, NIGH, OVER, PASSING, PAST

>     ( (NUMP (ADV about) (NUM five)))

>     ( (NUMP (ADV over) (NUM six)))

#### Special cases

For the TIMES construction (THREE TIMES FIVE), see TIMES.

In special cases, `NUMP` is added around phrases that function as number phrases even though the phrase is not headed by `NUM`. As far as possible, such exocentric phrases receive their normal structure, around which `NUMP` is then added. (This is analogous to our treatment of free relative clauses.) The following examples further include containing NPs for clarity.

>     ( (NP (NUMP (ADJP (ADJR better)
>     		  (PP (P then)
>     		      (NP (NUM forty)))))
>           (NS instances)))                          ← noun attaches high

>     ( (NP (NUMP (ADJP (ADJ nigh)			← ADJ (not ADV) because NIGH
>     		  (PP (P upon)                    does not directly modify NUM
>     		      (NP (NUM a_thousand)))))
>           (NS workers)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (PP (P above)
>      		(NP (D the) (N number)
>     		    (PP (P of)
>     			(NP (NUM two_thousand))))))
>           (NS sheep)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (PP (P betwene)
>                     (NP (NUMP (NUM thirty) (CONJ and) (NUM forty)))))
>           (NS persons)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (PP (P between)
>     		(NP (NUMP (NUM 4) (CONJ and) (NUM 5_100@)))))
>           (NS @=li=)
>           (ADVP (ADV yearly))))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (PP (P from)
>     		(NP (NUM thirty)))
>                 (PP (P to)
>                     (NP (NUM forty))))
>           (NS persons)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (NP (NUM thirty))
>                 (PP (P to)
>                     (NP (NUM forty))))
>           (NS persons)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (PP (P toward)
>                     (NP (NUM 1500@))))
>           (NS @=li=)))

Potential cases with comparative quantifiers (`QR`) are not treated as exocentric. The comparative quantifier is treated as modifying a silent noun.

>     ( (NP (QR more)                              ← like this
>           (PP (P than)
>     	  (NP (NUM fifty) (NS pounds)))))    ← noun attaches low

>     ( (NP (QP (QR more)                          ← not like this
>     	  (PP (P than)
>     	      (NP (NUM fifty))))
>           (NS pounds)))

>     ( (NP (NUMP (QP (QR more)                    ← also not like this
>     	        (PP (P than)
>        		    (NP (NUM fifty)))))
>           (NS pounds)))

>     ( (NP (QR more)
>           (PP (P than)
>     	  (NP (NUM twise)                   ← TWICE modifies SEVEN
>     	      (NUM seven)))))

>     ( (NP (QP (Q no)                            ← QP because NO modifies FEWER
>     	  (QR fewer))
>           (PP (P than)
>               (NP (NUM 280)))))

### Prepositional phrase (`PP`)

- Complement of P
  - NP complement of P
    - Pre-head complement of P
  - Clausal complement of P
    - FORTHAN, FORTHI and the like plus clause or NP
    - FORWHI plus clause
  - ADJP complement of P
  - ADVP complement of P
  - PP complement of P
- Modifier of P
- Specifier of P
  - Movement to Spec(PP)
  - Dative of possession (NP-DPS)

- Treatment of individual words
  - BECAUSE
  - FOR (preposition)
  - FORASMUCH (also INASMUCH, INSOMUCH)
  - SO THAT

  #### Complement of P

  PPs are headed by prepositions and take complements of various categories (most commonly `NP` or `CP`). Since most subordinating conjunctions are treated as `P` in our system, most subordinate clauses are labeled `PP`. See below for examples.

  #### NP complement of P

  >     ( (PP (P for)
  >           (NP (NUM thre) (NS causes)))
  >       (ID CMASTRO-M3,662.C1.8))

  >     ( (PP (P to)
  >           (NP (D the) (ADJ rightfulle) (NS praiers)
  >               (PP (P of)
  >                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N frend)))))
  >       (ID CMASTRO-M3,662.C1.7))

  >     ( (PP (P by)
  >           (NP (N mediacioun)
  >               (PP (P of)
  >                   (NP (D this) (ADJ litel) (N tretys)))))
  >       (ID CMASTRO-M3,662.C1.7))

  >     ( (PP (P fro)
  >           (NP (PRO vs)))
  >       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,I,647.3905))

  >     ( (PP (P Thoro)
  >           (NP (D +tat)))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,43.1347))

  #### Pre-head complement of P

  Complements of prepositions can precede the head. This is the canonical order for the R-pronouns THERE and WHERE, and in early texts, it is not infrequent with personal pronouns, demonstratives, and even full NPS. Movement out of PP is indicated only if the word order makes it necessary.

  >     ( (PP (NP (PRO ham))				← pronoun
  >           (P towart))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.74.851))

  >     ( (PP (NP (PRO us))
  >           (P fra))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,3.80))

  >     ( (PP (NP (PRO us))
  >           (P inwi+d))
  >       (ID CMHALI-M1,139.148))

  >     ( (PP (NP (D +tat))				← demonstrative
  >           (P to))
  >       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,137.1837))

  >     ( (PP (NP (D +dat))
  >           (P after))
  >       (ID CMVICES1-M1,109.1299))

  >     ( (PP (NP (Q All) (N+N wimmannkinn))		← full NP
  >           (P bitwenenn))
  >       (ID CMORM-M1,I,86.764))

  >     ( (PP (NP (NPR Godd))
  >           (P onn+g+aness))
  >       (ID CMORM-M1,I,178.1463))

  >     ( (PP (NP (Q all) (OTHERS othyr))
  >           (P wyth))
  >       (ID CMMIRK-M34,61.1666))

  #### Clausal complement of P

  Clausal complements of prepositions are most common with adverbial clauses (`CP-ADV`) and comparative clauses (`CP-CMP`), but other types of CP complements are possible, notably in elision contexts and after SUCH AS. In contrast to modern English, the `C` head of such clauses was not necessarily silent in such clauses; see Non-wh CPs for examples.

  As a subordinating conjunction, the word AS takes clausal complements. There are many subtypes; see Types of subordinate clauses.

  `IF` and `WHEN` can head adverbial subordinate clauses (`CP-ADV`) or indirect questions (`CP-QUE-SUB`). Follow the links for each word for details.

  >     ( (PP (P after / before / until)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N water))
  >     		      (VBP freezes)))))

  >     ( (PP (P while)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N pie))
  >     		      (BEP is)
  >     		      (VAG baking)))))

  >     ( (PP (P or)                                        ← OR = ERE = BEFORE
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
  >                           (NP-SBJ (D the) (N kynge))
  >                           (VBD cam)
  >                           (PP (P at)
  >                               (NP (D the) (N castel)
  >                                   (PP (P of)
  >                                       (NP (NPR Tyntigail))))))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.90))

  >     ( (PP (P though)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
  >                           (VBP ryde)
  >                           (PP (P on)
  >                               (NP (D an) (N+N hors-lyttar))))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.160))

  >     ( (PP (P tyll)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >                           (VBP come)
  >                           (PP (P to)
  >                               (NP (PRO yow))))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.85))

  >     ( (PP (P whan)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NP (D the) (N duke))
  >                                   (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N wyf))))
  >                           (BED were)
  >                           (VBN comyn)
  >                           (PP (P unto)
  >                               (NP (D the) (N kynge))))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,2.11))

  Prepositions can also take IP complements.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (N play))
  >     	  (BEP is)
  >     	  (PP (P about)
  >     	      (IP-INF (TO to)
  >     		      (VB start)))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (PP (P except)
  >           (IP-PPL (VAG concerning)
  >     	      (NP-OB1 (ADJ holy) (NS images)))))

  #### FORTHAN, FORTHI, and the like with demonstrative plus clause or NP

  FOR +TAN, FOR +TAT, FOR +TI, IN +TAT, WI+T +TON, ER +TANNE, and the like are often used in Middle English to introduce adverbial clauses. These clauses presumably originated as THAT complements of the demonstrative heading the NP, but their overall function is adverbial, and they are therefore labeled `CP-ADV`. The demonstrative is labeled `D`, but is not surrounded by `NP` brackets (unlike our treatment of BECAUSE).

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >     	  (PP (P for)
  >     	      (D +ti)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C +tat)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                                   (BEP es)
  >                                   (NP-PRD (N vice)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (N propirte)))))))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (MD sal)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >               (BE be)
  >               (VAN scorn)
  >               (PP (P als)
  >                   (NP (N +tifte)))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,36.1179))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >               (BEP ben)
  >               (VAN tau+gt)
  >     	  (PP (P in)
  >     	      (D +tat)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C +tat)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >                                   (VBP seon)
  >                                   (PP (P in)
  >                                       (NP (SUCH suche) (NS creatures)))
  >                                   (NP-OB1 (D +te) (ADJ wonder) (NS werkes)
  >                                           (PP (P of)
  >                                               (NP (PRO$ vre) (N Creatour)))))))
  >               (PUNC ;))
  >       (ID CMEDVERN-M3,245.219))

  >     ( (IP-MAT-1 (PP (P al-though)
  >                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ her) (N communicacion)
  >                                             (PP (P atte)
  >                                                 (NP (N begynnynge))))
  >                                     (BEP be)
  >                                     (PP (P of)
  >                                         (NP (NP (N sadnes))
  >                                             (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >                                                    (NP (ADJ vertuous) (N lyuynge))))))))
  >                 (PUNC ,)
  >     	    (PP (P er)
  >     		(D than)
  >                     (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
  >                                     (VBP departe))))
  >                 (NP-SBJ (ADJ worldly) (N daliaunce))
  >                 (MD shal)
  >                 (BE be)
  >                 (VAN shewed)
  >                 (ADVP-DIR (ADV furthe)))
  >       (ID CMAELR4-M4,3.63))

  In elision contexts like the following, the preposition plus demonstrative combination is treated as taking an NP complement.

  >     ( (CP-THT (C +tat)
  >               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N mede))
  >                       (MD xuld)
  >                       (VB spede)
  >       		  (PP (P er)
  >     		      (D +tan)
  >                           (NP (N trewth))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,59.1327))

  In The Book of Margery Kempe, LES +TAN in the meaning UNLESS is treated the same way.

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N+N reedspyr)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO whech))
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (VBP boweth)
  >                                       (PP (P wyth)
  >                                           (NP (Q euery) (N wynd))))))
  >               (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuyr))
  >               (BEP is)
  >               (ADJP-PRD (ADJ stable))
  >     	  (PP (P les)
  >     	      (D +tan)
  >                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N wynd))
  >                                   (VBP bloweth)))))
  >       (ID CMKEMPE-M4,1.6))

  #### FORWHI plus clause

  FORWHI introducing an adverbial clause is treated analogously to the case of FOR +TI just discussed.

  >     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
  >                   (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO$ +goure) (NS hondis))
  >                   (BEP be)
  >                   (NEG not)
  >                   (VAN maad)
  >                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
  >                           (ADJP-PRD (ADJ vnstedfast)))
  >                   (PUNC ,)
  >     	      (PP (P for)
  >     		  (WADV whi)
  >                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N mede))
  >                                       (MD schal)
  >                                       (BE be)
  >                                       (PP (P to)
  >                                           (NP (PRO$ +goure) (N werk))))))
  >                   (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,22.1040))

  >     ( (PP (P+WADV forwhi)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Jesabel)
  >                                   (NP-PRN (PRO$ his) (N wijf)))
  >                           (VBD excitide)
  >                           (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))))
  >       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,14.602))

  #### ADJP complement of P

  The following expressions are treated as taking `ADJP` complements (the representation is not necessarily the linguistically correct analysis).

  >     ASUNDER,
  >     AT BEST, FARTHEST, FULL, LARGE, PRESENT, UTMOST,
  >     BEFORE / ERE LONG,
  >     BY FAR,
  >     FOR CERTAIN, PRESENT, SURE,
  >     IN BRIEF, CHIEF, COMMON, FULL, FUTURE, GENERAL, ORDINARY,
  >        PARTICULAR, PRESENT, PRIVATE, PUBLIC, SHORT, (E)SPECIAL, VAIN
  >     OF CERTAIN, LATE, NEW, OLD
  >     ON INSTANT

  >     ( (PP (P at)
  >           (ADJP (ADJS best))))

  >     ( (PP (P in)
  >           (ADJP (ADJ common))))

  >     ( (PP (P in)
  >           (NP (N earnest))))		← NP, not ADJP

  >     ( (PP (P at/in)
  >           (NP (N quiet))))			← NP, not ADJP

  #### ADVP complement of P

  >     ( (PP (P at)
  >           (ADVP (ADV once)))

  >     ( (PP (P for)
  >           (ADVP (ADV ever)))

  >     ( (PP (P from)
  >           (ADVP (ADV above)))

  >     ( (PP (P in)
  >           (ADVP (ADV there)))

  >     ( (PP (P than)
  >           (ADVP (ADV ever) (ADV before)))

  #### PP complement of P

  >     ( (PP (P except)
  >           (PP (P with)
  >     	  (NP (D a) (N hammer)))))

  >     ( (PP (P except)
  >           (PP (P if)
  >     	  (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
  >     			  (VBP use)
  >     			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (N hammer)))))))

  #### Modifier of P

  For phrases of the type TWENTY MILES FROM LONDON, see Silent head of ADJP.

  Items immediately preceding P, such as adverbs, particles, and measure phrases are treated as sisters of the head.

  >     ( (PP (ADV almost)
  >           (P to)
  >           (NP (D the) (ADJ bitter) (N death))))

  >     ( (PP (ADV completely)
  >           (P at)
  >           (NP (N ease))))

  >     ( (PP (RP out)
  >           (P of)
  >           (NP (NS bounds))))

  >     ( (PP (ADV lyke)				← adverb
  >           (P unto)
  >           (NP (D the) (ADJ thirde) (N knyght)))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,181.2436))

  >     ( (PP (ADV so)
  >           (P as)
  >           (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
  >                   (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >                           (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
  >                           (VBP doo))))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,6.159))

  >     ( (PP (ADV nomeliche)
  >           (P +gef)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                           (BEP is)
  >                           (ADJP-PRD (ADJ priue)
  >                                     (PP (P wi+d)
  >                                         (NP (PRO$ his) (N lauerd)))))))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.144.1932))

  >     ( (PP (ADV Aure)
  >           (P se+d+den)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ADJ ealde) (NS tilie))
  >                           (ADVP-DIR (ADV henne))
  >                           (VBD wenden))))
  >       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,161.2167))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >               (PP (P at)
  >     		(NP (NUM two) (NS strokys)))
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (VBD strake)
  >               (NP-OB1 (PRO hem))
  >               (PP (RP downe)                        ← particle
  >           	      (P to)
  >     	      (NP (D the) (N erthe)))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,200.3143))

  >     ( (PP (ADV clene)				← adverb
  >           (RP oute)					← adverbial particle
  >           (P of)
  >           (NP (D the) (N sadyll)))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,182.2488))

  >     ( (PP (FP even)					← focus particle
  >           (P unto)
  >           (NP (NPR London)))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,7.188))

  >     ( (PP (FP onlyche)
  >           (P of)
  >           (NP (D +te) (ADJ liberal) (N +gyft)
  >               (PP (P of)
  >                   (NP (D +te) (N grace)
  >                       (PP (P of)
  >                           (NP (NPR God)))))))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,29.91))

  >     ( (PP (NP-MSR (QR more)				← measure phrase
  >                   (PP (P than)
  >                       (NP (NUM thre) (NS houres))))
  >           (P after)
  >           (NP (PRO$ his) (N deth)))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,4.91))

  #### Movement to Spec(PP)

  In subordinate clauses, fronted elements can occupy Spec(PP), the position immediately preceding the subordinating conjunction. The specifier position is not explicitly indicated in our annotation system for any phrasal category, so these elements simply appear within the PP in pre-head position. Such fronted constituents are coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace or with a resumptive (`-RSP`) phrase. For analogous cases of fronting in subordinate clauses that are introduced by a complementizer, see Non-wh phrase in Spec(CP).

  >     ( (PP (ADJP-1 (ADJ unbelievable))
  >           (P though)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *ICH*-1)
  >                           (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
  >                           (VBP sounds)))))

  >     ( (PP (PP-1 (P in)
  >                 (NP (NPR$ godis) (N trouht)))
  >           (P yef)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (PP *ICH*-1)
  >                           (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
  >                           (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
  >                           (VBP se))))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,4.89))

  >     ( (PP (NP-1 (PRO$ hir) (N mastiresse))
  >           (P +toz)
  >           (CP-ADV (C 0)
  >                   (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *ICH*-1)
  >                           (NP-SBJ (PRO scho))
  >                           (BED ware))))
  >       (ID CMBENRUL-M3,10.325))

  #### Dative of possession (NP-DPS)

  In the early Middle English texts, there appear to be a few cases of the dative of possession. The clear cases always immediately precede a preposition with the "possessed" NP as the object of the preposition. In such cases, the dative is labeled `NP-DPS` and treated as the specifier of the PP. Potential datives of possession in other positions are labeled `NP-OB2`.

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >               (VBP falle)
  >               (PP (NP-DPS (NPR defle))
  >                   (P to)
  >                   (NP (N honde))))
  >       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,11.130))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (LB |)
  >               (NP-SBJ (PRO +Te+g+g)
  >                       (QP (Q alle)))
  >               (VBD sungenn)
  >               (NP-OB1 (D +anne) (N sang))
  >               (LB |)
  >               (LB |)
  >               (PP (NP-DPS (NPR Drihhtin))
  >     	      (P to)
  >     	      (NP (N lofe) (CONJ &) (N wurr+te)))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (LB |))
  >       (ID CMORM-M1,I,116.1006))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
  >               (NP-SBJ *con*)
  >               (VBD strehiten)
  >               (PP (P under)
  >     	      (NP (NP-POS (D +ta) (N$ assa))
  >                       (NS fet)))
  >               (ADVP-LOC (CP-FRL (WADVP-1 (ADV +ter))
  >                                 (C 0)
  >                                 (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
  >                                         (NP-SBJ (NPR drihten))
  >                                         (VBD rad)
  >                                         (PP (P inne)
  >                                             (NP (D +te) (CODE <P_5>) (N weye))))))
  >               (PUNC .)
  >               (PP (NP-DPS (PRO him))
  >     	      (P to)
  >     	      (NP (N luue) (CONJ and) (N heri+ginge))))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,5.24))

  ### Quantifier phrase (`QP`)

  - Complement of Q
    - NP complement of Q (`NP-COM`)
  - Modifier of Q
  - Treatment of individual words
    - (THE) LESS
    - (THE) MORE

  This section focuses on the internal structure of `QP`. For the integration of Q(P) into the larger clausal structure, see Floated quantifier, Measure phrase, and Noun phrase with elided head.

  When ALL or BOTH precede a determiner or possessive pronoun, the quantifier is treated as a modifier of the (possibly implicit) head of the entire noun phrase.

  >     ( (NP (Q all) (D this)))

  >     ( (NP (Q all) (D the) (N time)))

  >     ( (NP (Q all) (PRO$ mine)))

  >     ( (NP (Q both) (PRO$ your) (NS children)))

  #### Complement of Q

  #### NP complement of Q (`NP-COM`)

  In early Middle English texts, quantifiers often take genitive NP complements, and bare NP complements continue to be possible into Modern English (especially in the statutes). Such complements are labeled `NP-COM`.

  >     ( (NP-OB1 (Q nan)
  >               (NP-COM (D +ter) (NS$ +tinge)
  >                       (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
  >                               (C +te)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
  >                                       (VB leten)
  >                                       (MD solde)))))
  >       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,219.3049))

  >     ( (NP-OB1 (Q summe)
  >               (NP-COM (PRO$ +tine) (NS$ sunna)))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,37.467))

  In Middle English, "light" complements (that is, pronouns or single words) commonly precede the quantifier.

  >     ( (NP (NP-POS (NP-COM (PRO$ ure))       ← head of all of us
  >     		(Q$ alre))
  >           N heaued))
  >       (ID CMVICES1-M1,131.1636))

  >     ( (NP (NP-COM (PRO$ heor))		← each of them
  >           (Q $elc))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,89.744))

  >     ( (NP (NP-COM (PRO$ inker))		← either of us
  >           (Q ei+ter))
  >       (ID CMHALI-M1,151.324))

  >     ( (NP (NP-COM (PRO$ here))	        ← every[one] of them
  >           (Q euerich))
  >       (ID CMKENTSE-M2,220.181))

  >     ( (NP (NP-COM (PRO$ ouwer))		← neither of you
  >           (Q nou+der))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.43.374))

  >     ( (NP (NP-COM (PRO$ heore))		← none of them
  >           (Q nan))
  >       (ID CMLAMBX1-MX1,93.817))

  #### Modifier of Q

  For modifiers of Q that are labeled `NP-MSR`, see Measure phrase.

  The most common modifiers of Q are the degree modifiers AS, SO, TOO, and in some texts OVER, all of which are tagged `ADVR` when so used. Other (non-comparative) modifiers (FULL, RIGHT, SWI+DE, THUS, and the like) are tagged `ADV`. Non-adverbial modifiers include other quantifiers, numbers, BUT (as focus particle), NOT, THAT and THIS.

  >     ( (QP (ADV very) (Q much)))

  >     ( (QP (ADVR as / so / too) (Q much)))

  >     ( (QP (D this / that) (Q many)))

  >     ( (QP (NEG not) (Q many)))

  >     ( (QP (NUM two) (QR more)))

  >     ( (QP (Q many) (QR more)))

  >     ( (QP (D the) (QR more)))

  >     ( (QP (ADV euer) (Q either))		← ADV
  >       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,53.2156))

  >     ( (QP (ADV eauer) (Q eani))
  >       (ID CMMARGA-M1,72.277))

  >     ( (QP (ADV full) (Q many))
  >       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,33.814))

  >     ( (QP (ADV nyghe) (Q halfe))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,190.2773))

  >     ( (QP (ADV right) (Q noght))
  >       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,88.2197))

  >     ( (QP (ADV swi+de) (Q monie))
  >       (ID CMMARGA-M1,92.605))

  >     ( (QP (ADV wel) (QR mo))
  >       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,23.569))

  >     ( (QP (ADV+ADV well-nyghe) (Q all))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,643.4040))

  >     ( (QP (ADVR ouyr) (Q fewe))		← ADVR
  >       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,127.2931))

  >     ( (QP (Q many) (QR moo))		← Q
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,10.290))

  >     ( (QP (Q much) (QR more))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,635.3797))

  >     ( (QP (Q no) (QR more))
  >       (ID CMAELR4-M4,6.163))

  >     ( (QP (D +tet) (Q lutle))		← other categories
  >       (ID CMMARGA-M1,79.382))

  >     ( (QP (D +tis) (Q lutle))
  >       (ID CMSAWLES-M1,185.269))

  >     ( (QP (FP but) (Q luytel))
  >       (ID CMEDVERN-M3,256.691))

  >     ( (QP (NEG Not) (Q many))
  >       (ID CMCAPCHR-M4,149.3485))

  >     ( (QP (NUM xxxv) (QR moo))
  >       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,160.760))

  >     ( (QP (SUCH suche) (QR moo))
  >       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,47.1985))

  More than one modifier is uncommon, but possible in constructions including ALL TOO/SO ... and (N)EVER SO ..., among others. All of these constructions are left flat. Cf. EVER THE BETTER, NEVER A PENNY, which are also given flat structures.

  >     ( (QP (Q al) (ADVR to) (Q litel))
  >       (ID CMCTPARS-M3,319.C1.1331))

  >     ( (QP (Q al) (ADVR to) (Q muche))
  >       (ID CMHALI-M1,133.78))

  >     ( (QP (ADV aure) (ADVR to) (Q fele))
  >       (ID CMVICES1-M1,125.1547))

  >     ( (QP (ADV euere) (D the) (QR mo)
  >           (PP (P of)
  >               (NP (ADJ smale) (NS fracciouns))))
  >       (ID CMEQUATO-M3,18.3))

  >     ( (QP (ADV never) (ADVR so) (Q much))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,658.4555))

  >     ( (QP (FP for+de) (ADVR swo) (Q michel)
  >           (PP (P a)
  >               (NP (Q sume) (N wise))))
  >       (ID CMTRINIT-MX1,133.1776))

  >     ( (QP (ADV fully) (ADVR as) (Q myche))
  >       (ID CMWYCSER-M3,382.2810))

  >     ( (QP (NEG Noghte) (ADVR so) (Q mekill))
  >       (ID CMGAYTRY-M34,1.9))

  Quantifiers can be modified by phrases. Multi-word modifiers of quantifiers that are themselves headed by `Q` are labeled `QP`.

  >     ( (QP (QP (ADV hardly) (Q any))
  >           (QR more)))

  >     ( (QP (QP (ADV very) (Q much))
  >           (QR more)))

  >     ( (QP (QP (D that) (Q many))
  >           (QR more)))

  ### Wh- phrase

  - WADJP
  - WADVP
  - WNP
  - WPP
  - WQP

  In general, the internal structure of wh- phrases is analogous to that of their non-wh counterparts, except that wh- phrases can consist of `0` (zero), indicating an empty operator. Also, in general, wh- phrase labels do not have dash tags. The relevant information is expressed on the wh- phrase's trace. Exceptions occur in pied-piping contexts, where wh- phrases are not always associated with traces.

  #### WADJP

  A WADJP consists of an adjective modified by HOW (and possibly other dependents) or of an empty operator `(WADJP 0)` (only in comparatives).

  >     ( (WADJP (WADV how)
  >     	 (ADJ lucky)))

  >     ( (WADJP (WADV how)
  >     	 (ADJ pleased)
  >     	 (PP (P with)
  >     	     (NP (D the) (N result)))))

  >     ( (ADJP (QR more)
  >     	(ADJ pleased)
  >     	(CP-CMP (WADJP-1 0)
  >     		(IP-SUB (ADJP-PRD *T*-1)
  >     			(NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     			(HVP have)
  >     			(ADVP-TMP (ADV ever))
  >     			(BEN been)))))

  WADJPs that modify nouns are contained within a WNP, as are WADJPs functioning as measure phrases at the clausal level.

  >     ( (WNP (WADJP (WADV how)
  >     	      (ADJ serious))
  >            (D a)
  >            (N problem)))

  >     ( (WNP (WADJP (WADV how)
  >     	      (ADJ serious))
  >            (PP (P of)
  >     	   (NP (D a)
  >     	       (N problem)))))

  >     ( (CP-QUE-MAT (WNP-1 (WADJP (WADV how)
  >     			    (ADJ long)))
  >     	      (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
  >     		      (MD will)
  >     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
  >     		      (BE be)
  >     		      (VAG staying))
  >     	      (PUNC ?)))

  #### WADVP

  A WADVP consists of a wh- adverb (possibly modified by other dependents) or of an empty operator `(WADVP 0)`.

  >     ( (WADVP (WADV where)))

  >     ( (WADVP (WADV how)
  >     	 (ADV often)))

  >     ( (WADVP (WADV why)
  >     	 (PP (P in)
  >     	     (NP (D the) (N world)))))

  >     ( (NP (D the) (N reason)
  >           (CP-REL (WADVP-1 0)
  >     	      (C 0)
  >     	      (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
  >     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
  >     		      (VBD left)))))

  #### WNP

  A WNP consists of a wh- pronoun or wh- determiner (`WPRO`, `WD`), possibly accompanied by other material, or of an empty operator `(WNP 0)`.

  >     ( (WNP (WPRO who)))

  >     ( (WNP (WD which) (N guest)))

  >     ( (NP (D the) (N lady)
  >           (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >     	      (C that)
  >     	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
  >     		      (VBD told)
  >     		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
  >     		      (PP (P about)
  >     			  (NP *T*-1))))))

  #### WPP

  A WPP consists of a preposition with some type of wh- complement (see Pied piping for some unusual cases). WPPs consisting of an empty operator `(WPP 0)` are possible in connection with chopped prepositions.

  >     ( (WPP (P for)
  >            (WNP (WD whatever) (N reason))))

  >     ( (WPP (P for)
  >            (WNP (WADJP (WADV how) (ADJ long)))))

  >     ( (WPP (P till)
  >            (WADVP (WADV when))))

  #### WQP

  A WQP consists of a quantifier modified by HOW. It is always contained within some other wh- phrase, in the same way that a measure QP is always contained within some other phrase.

  >     ( (WNP (WQP (WADV how) (Q many))
  >            (NS chords)))

  >     ( (WADJP (WQP (WADV how) (Q much))
  >              (ADJR brighter)))

  >     ( (WADVP (WQP (WQP (WADV how) (Q much))
  >     	      (QR more))
  >     	 (ADV quickly)))

  ### Nonstructural labels

  - CODE
  - Foreign language passage (`LATIN`, `FOREIGN`)
  - List marker (`LS`)
  - META
  - Quotation phrase (`QTP`)
  - Reference (`REF`)

  #### CODE

  `CODE` is used for material such as page numbers and text markup information that is not part of the original text. Like punctuation, it is attached as high as possible without regard to where it "belongs". See the general introduction for examples and discussion.

  #### Foreign language passage (`LATIN`, `FOREIGN`)

  Foreign language passages longer than a single word are labeled either `LATIN` or `FOREIGN` (without further distinguishing the language at hand). The internal syntax of foreign language passages is treated as a black box, but the function of this black box in the English sentence is indicated in the ordinary way as far as possible. Quotations are labeled `QTP`.

  >     ( (LATIN (FW Narracio) (FW valde) (FW deuota) (FW contra) (FW $temptacionem))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,29.95))

  >     ( (FOREIGN (FW Le) (FW Feste) (FW de) (FW Sentt) (FW Gorge) (FW a) (FW Wyndesore)
  >                (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMGREGOR-M4,113.405))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Te) (N boc))
  >               (VBP sey+t)
  >               (PUNC :)
  >     	  (QTP (LATIN (FW Qui) (FW non) (FW est) (FW temptatus)
  >     		      (PUNC ,)
  >     		      (FW non) (FW est) (FW probatus)))
  >     	  (PUNC -))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,27.27))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
  >               (NP-SBJ (D the) (NPRS Iewes))
  >               (VBP clepen)
  >               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO $hem))
  >                       (PP (P in)
  >     		      (NP (D this) (N manere)))
  >                       (PP (P in)
  >     		      (NP (NPR Ebrew)))
  >                       (PUNC :)
  >                       (NP-PRD (FOREIGN (FW APPELIUS) (FW AMERRIUS) (CONJ &) (FW DAMASUS))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMMANDEV-M3,46.1136))

  ### List marker (LS)

  Letters (`N`), numbers (`NUM`), or other categories that identify items in a list are additionally tagged `LS`. `LS` attaches where it "belongs" - that is, as a daughter of the item that it is associated with.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >     	  (VBP need)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (NP (LS a)
  >     		      (Q some)
  >     	  	      (N water))
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     			 (NP (LS b)
  >     			     (Q some)
  >     			     (N wood))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >     	  (VBP need)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (NP (LS (NUM 1))
  >     		      (Q some)
  >     	  	      (N water))
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     			 (NP (NUM (LS 2))
  >     			     (Q some)
  >     			     (N wood))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >     	  (VBP need)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (NP (LS (NUM i))
  >     		      (Q some)
  >     	  	      (N water))
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     			 (NP (LS (NUM ii))
  >     			     (Q some)
  >     			     (N wood))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >     	  (VBP need)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (LS (ADJ 1st))
  >     		  (NP (Q some)
  >     	  	      (N water))
  >     		  (PUNC ,)
  >     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     			 (LS (ADJ 2nd))
  >     			 (NP (Q some)
  >     			     (N wood))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
  >     		    (ADVP-TMP (ADV first))		← ADV, not LS
  >     		    (VBP need)
  >     		    (NP-OB1 (Q some)
  >     	          	    (N water)))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (CONJP (CONJ and)
  >     		 (IP-MAT=1 (ADVP-TMP (ADV then))
  >     			   (NP-OB1 (Q some)
  >     				   (N wood))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  Punctuation is split off from list markers and tagged separately.

  If possible, items annotated as LS do not form separate tokens.

  >     ( (NP (LS (NUM I))
  >           (PUNC .)
  >           (N Water)
  >           (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (N plenty))
  >     	  (ADVP (ADV along))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  But they can form separate tokens if the list marker does not belong directly with adjacent material. In that case, `LS` is the root of the token.

  >     ( (LS (NUM I)                      ← chapter heading without title
  >           (PUNC .)))

  >     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Take)
  >     	  (ADVP (ADV along))
  >     	  (NP-OB1 (N plenty)
  >     		  (PP (P of)
  >     		      (NP (N water))))
  >     	  (PUNC .)))

  Otherwise, chapter, section, and verse numbers are not annotated as `LS`, whether accompanied by an explicit noun or not.

  >     ( (NP (N Chapter) (NUM 10)))			← NUM without LS

  >     ( (NP (NPR John) (N c.) (NUM 23) (PUNC ,) (N v.) (NUM 1)))

  >     ( (NP (NPR John) (NUM 23) (PUNC ,) (NUM 1)))

  #### META

  `META` is similar to `CODE`, but is used for material that forms part of the original text, though separate from it - for instance, stage directions or material identifying characters in plays or dialogues, participants in trials, and the like.

  >     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Ph.) (CODE <$$font>)))
  >     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO Thou))
  >     	      (VBP sayest)
  >     	      (ADVP (ADV well))
  >     	      (PUNC ,))
  >       (ID BOETHPR-1695-E3-H,124.8))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Mis) (NPR Page) (PUNC .) (CODE <$$font>)))
  >     	  (IP-IMP-PRN (CONJ And)
  >     		      (VBI trust)
  >     		      (NP-OB1 (PRO me)))
  >     	  (PUNC ,)
  >     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
  >     	  (BED was)
  >     	  (VAG comming)
  >     	  (PP (P to)
  >     	      (NP (PRO you)))
  >     	  (PUNC :))
  >       (ID SHAKESP-1599-E2-H,43.C2.39))

  >     ( (META (IP-MAT (CODE <font>)
  >     		(VBP Enter)
  >     		(CODE <$$font>)
  >     		(NP-SBJ (NPR Loveless) (CODE <font>) (CONJ and) (CODE <$$font>) (NPR Amanda)))
  >     	(PUNC .))
  >       (ID VANBR-1696-E3-H,32.8))

  ### Quotation phrase (`QTP`)

  `QTP` is used instead of `FRAG-SPE` to surround quotations with not enough material to construct an IP clause, including quotations in foreign languages. For quotations consisting of complete clauses, see Direct speech. `QTP` can also indicate that a word or expression is being mentioned rather than used in the ordinary way.

  >     ( (QTP (PUNC ')
  >            (INTJ A)
  >            (PUNC ,)
  >            (NP-VOC (NPR Ihesu))
  >            (PUNC ,)
  >            (NP (PRO$ +ty) (ADJ wundurful) (N pyte))
  >            (PUNC ,)
  >            (NP (PRO$ +ty) (N mercy)
  >                (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
  >                        (C +tat)
  >                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                (MD may)
  >                                (NEG not)
  >                                (BE be)
  >                                (VAN told))))
  >            (PUNC !))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,43.491))

  >     ( (QTP (PUNC ')
  >            (NP-VOC (N Syr))
  >            (PUNC ,)
  >            (PUNC ')
  >            (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD said)
  >                        (NP-SBJ (NPR sir) (NPR Kay)))
  >            (PUNC ,)
  >            (PUNC ')
  >            (PP (P by)
  >     	   (NP (PRO$ my) (N broder)
  >                    (NP-PRN (NPR Arthur))))
  >            (PUNC ,))
  >       (ID CMMALORY-M4,9.240))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +Te) (N apostel))
  >               (VBP sei+t)
  >               (PUNC :)
  >               (QTP (LATIN (FW Virgo) (FW prudens) (FW cogitat) (FW que)
  >                           (FW domini) (FW sunt) (PUNC ,) (FW etcetera)))
  >               (PUNC -))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,26.6))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (NPR hester)               ← Hester in Hebrew, that is 'hidden' in English.
  >                       (PP (P on)
  >                           (NP (NPR ebreu))))
  >               (NP-SBJ-RSP (D +tt))
  >               (BEP is)
  >               (QTP (VAN ihud))
  >               (PP (P an)
  >                   (NP (NPR englisch)))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.115.1451))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D +tis) (N nome)
  >                       (NP-PRN (NPR assuer)))
  >               (VBP spele+d)
  >               (QTP (ADJ eadi))                 ← blessed
  >               (PP-PRN (P as)
  >                       (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
  >                                       (BEP is)
  >                                       (VAN iseid)
  >                                       (ADVP-TMP (ADV ear)))))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.130.1716))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (QTP (ADVP (ADVR to) (ADV earliche)))    ← The one is called 'too early'.
  >               (NP-SBJ (D +te) (ONE an))
  >               (VBP hatte))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.152.2061))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N Drede))
  >               (VBP zay+t)
  >               (PUNC .)
  >               (PUNC ')
  >               (QTP (PP (P Vram)
  >     		   (NP (NPR helle))))
  >               (PUNC .)
  >               (PUNC '))
  >       (ID CMAYENBI-M2,264.2531))

  >     ( (QTP (INTJP (INTJ loo)
  >                   (CP-QUE-SUB (WADVP-1 (WADV wher))
  >                               (C 0)
  >                               (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
  >                                       (NP-SBJ (NPR Ihesus))
  >                                       (VBP come+t)))
  >                   (PUNC -)))
  >       (ID CMAELR3-M23,32.171))

  #### Reference (`REF`)

  `REF` is used to indicate the source or reference for a statement when it occurs without any explicit connection to the statement itself. The reference can form a separate token.

  >     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The) (NPR appostle))
  >               (NP-OB1 (D this))
  >               (VBP declareth)
  >               (PP (P to)
  >                   (NP (D the) (NPRS Hebreos)))
  >               (REF (D the) (NUM .ix.) (N chapytre))
  >               (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMFITZJA-M4,A5V.83))

  >     ( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-RSP (PRO it))
  >               (BEP is)
  >               (VAN declaryd)
  >               (REF (NP (D the) (ADJ fyrste) (N boke)
  >                        (PP (P of)
  >                            (NP (NPR Esdre))))
  >                    (NP (D the)
  >                        (ADJP (ADJ fyrste) (CONJ &) (ADJ syxte))
  >                        (NS chapytours))))
  >       (ID CMFITZJA-M4,A6R.84))

  >     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
  >               (NP-SBJ (NPR Willelmus) (NPR de) (NPR Regibus))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (REF (LATIN (FW libro) (FW 2=o=)))
  >               (PUNC ,)
  >               (VBP sei+t)
  >               (CP-THT (C +tat)
  >                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N kyng))
  >                               (BED was)
  >                               (PP (P at)
  >                                   (NP (D +te) (N feste)
  >                                       (PP (P at)
  >                                           (NP (NPR Pulkercherche)))))
  >                               (PP (P in)
  >                                   (NP (D a)
  >     				  (NP-POS (NPR seynt) (NPR$ Austyns))
  >                                       (NPR day)))))
  >               (PUNC ,))
  >       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,443.3252))

  >     ( (PP-PRN (P as)
  >               (CP-ADV (WNP-1 0)
  >     	          (C 0)
  >         		  (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
  >     		          (NP-SBJ (NPR Gregory))
  >     		          (VBP seith)
  >     		          (PP (P in)
  >     		              (NP (NUM ij.) (N bok)
  >     		                  (PP (P of)
  >     		                      (NP (NS Pastrals)))
  >     				  (REF (NP (NUM v.) (N c=o=.))))))))
  >       (ID CMPURVEY-M3,I,33.1610))

  >     ( (REF (NP (NPR Seint) (NPR Iohan)
  >                (NP-PRN (D +te) (N ewangeliste)))
  >            (PUNC .)
  >            (PP (P in)
  >                (NP (D +te) (NPR apocalipse)))
  >            (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMANCRIW-1-M1,II.129.1679))

  >     ( (REF (LATIN (FW Beda) (PUNC ,) (FW libro) (FW 3=o=) (PUNC ,) (FW capitulo) (FW 6=o=))
  >            (PUNC .))
  >       (ID CMPOLYCH-M3,VI,3.9))

  >     ( (REF (LATIN (FW Ecclesiastes) (FW 9=no=)))
  >       (ID CMROYAL-M34,258.327))